This standard establishes uniform drafting practices for preparation of engineering drawing

1    SCOPE:
This standard establishes uniform drafting practices for preparation of engineering drawings.
2    APPLICATION: 
This standard applies to all new Sauer-Danfoss (SD) Engineering drawings.
3    GENERAL:
To ensure that drawings are unambiguous, international standards (ISO and IEC) are used for general principles of presentation, definitions, scales, dimensioning, symbols, tolerances, thread designations etc.
If no international standards are available, European standards (EN), national standards or Sauer-Danfoss Standards and Guidelines are used.
The reference to GS-0074 is as shown in figure 1.
If there is a reference to GS-0074, one or more of the Sauer-Danfoss documents listed in this Guideline are used.
If other standards are used, they must be the subject of special reference.
If a drawing refers to a standard that conflicts with a standard in the body of GS-0074, then the standard noted on the drawing shall have priority.
The English language version is the original and the reference in case of dispute.

activity design

system and service enriching our life standard represent result of activity design of all technician. Basically this activity design differentiate the technique with the science and research ; technique expert is  a desain , creator or constructor
 Process the design represent the charm effort and challange, and technician desain very reliing on  of graph as a way of to create, to noting, analysing, and communicating with others, about concept or idea design. Ability to communicate graphically represent the elementary matter in this case
 team Design make a move in five step in course of desain. To become  a success team desain, each;every team member shall comprehend this process and know how to to fulfill their role each
 the step desain is
1. Identifying problem and [cutomer/ client]
2. concept and idea
3. compromise to decision
4. model and prototype
5. draw the [job/activity]
 ideally is making plan to walk to listen go the the phase, but if got by a new information, may be necessary return and repeat procedure.

HOW USE THE ISO CATALOGUE

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International Standards and other deliverables

The terms International Standards and ISO standards used in these listings denote all standards-type documents, including guides, international standardized profiles, recommendations, technical reports, technical trends assessments, etc. The document type is indicated in its reference number. The following bibliographic information is given for each document:
Reference number - consists of a prefix, a serial number and the year of publication. The prefix will usually be "ISO" to indicate that the publication is an ISO International Standard.
The prefix ISO/IEC denotes a joint ISO and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) publication. ISO/IEC International Standards are most often developed by Joint ISO/IEC Technical Committee JTC 1. IEC International Standards with the prefix IEC, but which carry both the ISO and IEC logos, are also  included in the catalogue. Such standards either belong to JTC 1, or have been developed in close cooperation with an ISO committee.
The following prefixes similarly denote joint international standards:
ISO/ASTM joint ISO and ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) International Standard
ISO/CIE: joint ISO and CIE (International Commission on Illumination) International Standard
ISO/HL7 joint ISO and HL7 (Health Level Seven) International Standard
ISO/IEEE: joint ISO and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) International Standard
ISO/OECD joint ISO and OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) International Standard
The prefix may also contain an indication of the type of document:
Amd. denotes an Amendment - a normative document, developed according to consensus procedures, approved according to the procedures relevant to the document being amended, and which changes the technical normative elements of that document.
Cor. denotes a Technical corrigendum - a document issued to correct a technical error or ambiguity in a normative document or to correct information that has become outdated, provided the modification has no effect on the technical normative elements of the document it corrects.
Guide - redefined as an informative document only. Previously ISO and ISO/IEC Guides were developed as either a document dealing with non-normative matters relating to international standardization or a normative document developed by a structure other than a TC/SC, e.g. a policy development committee. A number of such guides are still valid.
ISP denotes an International Standardized Profile - an internally agreed, harmonized document which identifies a standard or group of standards, together with options and parameters, necessary to perform a function or set of functions.
IWA denotes an International Workshop Agreement
PAS denotes a Publicly Available Specification
R denotes a Recommendation. This designation was used up to 1972, when ISO began to publish International Standards. Since then, as they have been revised, ISO recommendations have gradually been republished as International Standards. A very limited number of ISO recommendations still remain valid and available.
TR denotes a Technical Report
TS denotes a Technical Specification
TTA denotes a Technology Trends Assessment - a document published to respond to the need for global collaboration on standardization questions during the early stages of technical innovation and which gives the state of the art or trend in emerging fields. TTAs are typically the result of prestandardization work or research
The prefix is followed by a serial number which may include a part number, separated by a hyphen from the main number. The serial number of a published standard is followed by the year of publication separated from the serial number by a colon.
Title of the standard including, if relevant, the number and title of a specific part of the standard
Current stage - to allow the monitoring of a standard's development and life cycle in a systematic way, a four-digit stage code is used, which indicates the standard's current status. The current stage code is given for each standard or project. The code is linked to a stage code chart giving the explanation for each stage code.
TC/SC - Technical committee/subcommittee - refers to the ISO technical committee and subcommittee responsible for the development and maintenance of the standard. Certain documents are developed and maintained by other ISO organs or by other international organizations. A link leads to information about the committee or organization concerned.
Language - the official languages of ISO are English, French and Russian. ISO International Standards and standards-type documents published by the Central Secretariat are usually in separate (monolingual) English (en) and French (fr) editions and, less frequently, in Russian (ru). Some standards, especially those containing terminology, are published as a bilingual (any two of the official languages), or trilingual (English/French/Russian) edition.  The ISO Central Secretariat also publishes certain official translations in non-official languages. To date, these include standards in Spanish (es) and Arabic (ar).
NOTE: It is possible for standards - and notably terminologies and vocabularies - to include some content in non-official languages. Where applicable, information on the non-official language content is usually given in the standard's abstract in the bibliographical data.
A number of International Standards developed by ISO technical committees require, with a view to their updating or implementation, a competent body which has the requisite infrastructure for ensuring they are used effectively. Information on these bodies, designated by ISO to serve as maintenance agencies or registration authorities, is accessed through the link Maintenance agencies and registration authorities.

computer-aided drafting and design (CADD)

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Design describes the way in which technology is folded into a design process. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.
CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.^[1]
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.^[2]
The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).

Overview

Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD — computer-aided design and drafting.
CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories).
CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects.
CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.
Occupations that use CAD include designers, architects, and developers.

[edit] Uses

Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question.
CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) process, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as:

• Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines
• Photo realistic rendering
• Document management and revision control using Product Data Management (PDM).

CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the preparation of Environmental Impact Reports, in which computer-aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like were the proposed facilities allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD.

[edit] Types

There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of CAD systems require the operator to think differently about how he or she will use them and he or she must design their virtual components in a different manner for each.
There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final draft.
3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.
3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD) are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.
3D parametric solid modeling require the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the center of the model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions carefully.
Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric geometry without the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of direct modeling functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer the correct relationships between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity) which makes the editing process less time and labor intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of understanding the model’s design intent history. These kind of non history based systems are called Explicit Modellers or Direct CAD Modelers. The first Explicit Modeling system was introduced to the world at the end of 80's by Hewlett-Packard under the name SolidDesigner.
Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits available for these systems are ever increasing; including 3D piping and injection mold designing packages.
Mid range software are integrating parametric solids more easily to the end user: integrating more intuitive functions (SketchUp), using the best of both 3D dumb solids and parametric characteristics (VectorWorks), making very real-view scenes in relative few steps (Cinema4D) or offering all-in-one (form•Z).
Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic features into designs (Catia, GenerativeComponents). Freeform surface modelling is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine.

[edit] Technology

A CAD model of a mouse.

Originally software for Computer-Aided Design systems was developed with computer languages such as Fortran, but with the advancement of object-oriented programming methods this has radically changed. Typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems are built around a number of key C modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a graphical user interface (GUI) with NURBS geometry and/or boundary representation (B-rep) data via a geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly.
Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of prototyping called digital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time and in the design.
Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms (Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X); some packages even support multiple platforms.
Right now, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD systems can do graphically and computationally expensive tasks, so good graphics card, high speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM are recommended.
The human-machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a spacemouse/SpaceBall. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing the 3D model.

 

Basic conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines

Basic conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines
1 Scope
This part of ISO 128 specifies general rules on the presentation of leader and reference lines and their components as
well as on the arrangement of instructions on or at leader lines in all kinds of technical documents.
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 128. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do
not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 128 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated references,
the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
ISO 128-20:1996, Technical drawings — General principles of presentation — Part 20: Basic conventions for lines.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 128, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
leader line
continuous narrow line which establishes the connection between the features of a graphical representation and
additional alphanumeric and/or written instructions (notes, technical requirements, item references, etc.) in an
unambiguous manner
3.2
reference line
continuous narrow line connecting with the leader line horizontally or vertically and on or at which the additional
instructions are indicated
4 Presentation of leader lines
Leader lines are executed as continuous narrow lines in accordance with ISO 128-20. They are drawn preferably at an
angle to the relevant representation and/or the frame limiting the drawing sheet, and not parallel to adjacent lines, e.g.
hatching lines. The inclination to the relevant lines shall be . 15°. See Figures 1 to 13.
Leader lines may be drawn with sharp kinks (see Figure 5), and two or more leader lines may be joined up (see
Figures 2, 5, 7, 8 and 11). They should not cross other leader lines, reference lines or indications, such as graphical
symbols or dimensional values.
1
This is a free 5 page sample. Access the full version online.

ISO 128-1 2003 Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 1: Introduction and index

ISO 128-1 2003 Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 1: Introduction and index

ISO 128 1 2003 gives general rules for the execution of technical drawings, as well as presenting the structure of, and an index for, the other parts of ISO 128. In all, ISO 128 specifies the graphical representation of objects on technical drawings with the aim of facilitating the international exchange of information on drawings and ensuring their uniformity in a comprehensive system relating to several technical functions.

ISO 128-1 2003 is applicable to all kinds of technical drawings, including, for example, those used in mechanical engineering and construction (architectural, civil engineering, shipbuilding etc.); it is applicable to both manual and computer-based drawings. It is not applicable to three-dimensional CAD models. 

ISO 1101 2004 Geometrical Product Specifications ( GPS ); Geometrical tolerancing; Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out contains basic information and gives requirements for the geometrical tolerancing of workpieces.

Overview

Overview

Since 2003 the ISO 128 standard contains twelve parts, which had been initiated between 1996 and 2003. It starts with a summary of the general rules for the execution of technical drawings, as well as presenting the structure. Further it describes basic conventions for lines, views, cuts and Sections, and different types of engineering drawings, such for mechanical engineering and construction in architectural, civil engineering, shipbuilding etc. It is applicable to both manual and computer-based drawings, but it is not applicable to three-dimensional CAD models.^[1]
The ISO 128 replaced the previous DIN 6 standard about drawings, projections and views, which was first published in 1922, and later updated in 1950 and 1968. The ISO 128 itself was first published in 1982, contained 15 pages and "specified the general principles of presentation to be applied to technical drawings following the orthographic projection methods".^[2] Several part of this standard have been update by individual parts and eventually the last parts and the whole standard as a whole has been withdrawn by the ISO in 2001.

 Composition of the ISO 128

The 12 parts of the ISO 128 standard are:

• ISO 128-1:2003. Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 1: Introduction and index
• ISO 128-20:1996 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 20: Basic conventions for lines
• ISO 128-21:1997 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 21: Preparation of lines by CAD systems
• ISO 128-22:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 22: Basic conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines
• ISO 128-23:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 23: Lines on construction drawings
• ISO 128-24:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 24: Lines on mechanical engineering drawings
• ISO 128-25:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 25: Lines on shipbuilding drawings
• ISO 128-30:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 30: Basic conventions for views
• ISO 128-34:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 34: Views on mechanical engineering drawings
• ISO 128-40:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections
• ISO 128-44:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings
• ISO 128-50:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections

 Other ISO standard related to technical drawing

A size chart illustrating the ISO A series described in ISO 216.

• ISO 216 paper sizes, e.g. the A4 paper size
• ISO 406:1987 Technical drawings—Tolerancing of linear and angular dimensions

• ISO 1660:1987 Technical drawings—Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles
• ISO 2203:1973 Technical drawings—Conventional representation of gears
• ISO 3040:1990 Technical drawings—Dimensioning and tolerancing -- Cones
• ISO 3098/1:1974 Technical Drawing - Lettering - Part I: Currently Used Characters
• ISO 4172:1991 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Drawings for the assembly of prefabricated structures

• ISO 5261:1995 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of bars and profile sections
• ISO 5455:1979 Technical drawings—Scales
• ISO 5456 Technical drawings -- Projection methods
  • ISO 5456-1:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 1: Synopsis
  • ISO 5456-2:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 2: Orthographic representations
  • ISO 5456-3:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 3: Axonometric representations
  • ISO 5456-4:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 4: Central projection
• ISO 5457:1999 Technical product documentation -- Sizes and layout of drawing sheets
• ISO 5459:1981 Technical drawings -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Datums and datum-systems for geometrical tolerances
• ISO 5845-1:1995 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners—Part 1: General principles

• ISO 6410-1:1993 Technical drawings—Screw threads and threaded parts—Part 1: General conventions
• ISO 6411:1982 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of centre holes
• ISO 6412-1:1989 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of pipelines -- Part 1: General rules and orthogonal representation
• ISO 6413:1988 Technical drawings—Representation of splines and serrations
• ISO 6414:1982 Technical drawings for glassware
• ISO 6428:1982 Technical drawings—Requirements for microcopying
• ISO 6433:1981 Technical drawings -- Item references

• ISO 7200:1984 Technical drawings — Title blocks
• ISO 7083:1983 Technical drawings—Symbols for geometrical tolerancing -- Proportions and dimensions
• ISO 7437:1990 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- General rules for execution of production drawings for prefabricated structural components
• ISO 7518:1983 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Simplified representation of demolition and rebuilding
• ISO 7519:1991 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- General principles of presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings

• ISO 8015:1985 Technical drawings—Fundamental tolerancing principle
• ISO 8048:1984 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Representation of views, sections and cuts
• ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids
• ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings—Construction drawings—Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids
• ISO 8826-1:1989 Technical drawings—Rolling bearings—Part 1: General simplified representation
• ISO 8826-2:1994 Technical drawings—Rolling bearings—Part 2: Detailed simplified representation

• ISO 9222-1:1989 Technical drawings—Seals for dynamic application—Part 1: General simplified representation
• ISO 9222-2:1989 Technical drawings—Seals for dynamic application—Part 2: Detailed simplified representation
• ISO 9958-1:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings—Draughting film with polyester base—Part 1: Requirements and marking
• ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings—Natural tracing paper

• ISO 10209-1:1992 Technical product documentation—Vocabulary—Part 1: Terms relating to technical drawings: general and types of drawings
• ISO 10578:1992 Technical drawings—Tolerancing of orientation and location—Projected tolerance zone
• ISO 10579:1993 Technical drawings—Dimensioning and tolerancing—Non-rigid parts
• ISO 13567 is an international Computer-aided design (CAD) layer standard.
• ISO 13715:2000 Technical drawings—Edges of undefined shape—Vocabulary and indications
• ISO 15786:2008 Technical drawings—Simplified representation and dimensioning of holes

Technical illustrations

Technical illustrations

Technical illustration is the use of illustration to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer".^[7]
The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer’s interest and understanding".^[8]
According to Viola (2005) "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".^[7]

Cutaway drawing of a Nash 600.

A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which surface elements a three-dimensional model are selectively removed, to make internal features visible, but without sacrificing the outer context entirely.
The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering".

Plan features

Plan features

 Format

Plans are often prepared in a "set". The set includes all the information required for the purpose of the set, and may exclude views or projections which are unnecessary. A set of plans can be on standard office-sized paper or on large sheets. It can be stapled, folded or rolled as required. A set of plans can also take the form of a digital file in a proprietary format such as DWG or an exchange file format such as DXF or PDF.
Plans are often referred to as "blueprints" or "bluelines". However, the terms are rapidly becoming an anachronism, since most copies of plans that were formerly made using a chemical-printing process that yielded graphics on blue-colored paper or, alternatively, of blue-lines on white paper, have been superseded by more modern reproduction processes that yield black or multicolour lines on white paper.

[edit] Scale

Main articles: Architect's scale, Engineer's scale, and Metric scale

The three axonometric views.

Plans are usually "scale drawings", meaning that the plans are drawn at specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Various scales may be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be drawn at 1:48 (or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:24 (or 1/2"=1'-0"). Site plans are often drawn at 1" = 20' (1:240) or 1" = 30' (1:360).
In the metric system the ratios commonly are 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:5000

 Views and projections

Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle (right) or First Angle (left).

Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane, the use of views or projections is crucial to the legibility of plans. Each projection is achieved by assuming a vantage point from which to see the place or object, and a type of projection. These projection types are:

• Parallel projection
  • Orthographic projection, including:
    • Plan view or floor plan view
    • Elevation, usually a side view of an exterior
    • Section , a view of the interior at a particular cutting plane
  • Axonometric projection, including:
    • Isometric projection
    • Dimetric projection
    • Trimetric projection
  • Oblique projection, and
• Perspective projection

 

Facing these issues ?

Facing these issues ?

a.product design teams need to increase innovation in existing and new design while reducing the time required to bring them to market
b.Designers are interested in the benefits of digital Prototyping but worried about losing invesments in existing DWG design data
c. Rapid creation of production - ready drawing is required for downstream user
d. Designers are unable to easily find and reuse designs
e. Designers need to optimize product perfomance and make accurate design decisions without building physical protoo ltypes
f. piping and wiring design take too long to develop.

DISCOVER WHY AUTODESK INVETOR IS THE FOUNDATION FOR DIGITAL PROTOTYPING

Main article: Engineering drawing

Engineering

Main article: Engineering drawing

See also: Mechanical engineering

Engineering can be a very broad term. It stems from the Latin ingenerare, meaning "to create".^[5] Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment.
Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.

Wright brothers Patent drawing, 1908.

[edit] Patents

Main article: Patent drawing

The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention whenever the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.^[6]
The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims, and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues, and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.^[6]