DRAWING SPANNER

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Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances. It uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated three-dimensional solid models for explicitly describing nominal geometry and its allowable variation. It tells the manufacturing staff and machines what degree of accuracy and precision is needed on each facet of the part. Overview Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is used to define the nominal (theoretically perfect) geometry of parts and assemblies, to define the allowable variation in form and possible size of individual features, and to define the allowable variation between features. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing specifications are used as follows: • Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry. One example is a basic dimension. • Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features. Two examples are linear dimensions and feature control frames using a datum reference (both shown above). There are several standards available worldwide that describe the symbols and define the rules used in GD&T. One such standard is American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Y14.5-2009. This article is based on that standard, but other standards, such as those from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), may vary slightly. The Y14.5 standard has the advantage of providing a fairly complete set of standards for GD&T in one document. The ISO standards, in comparison, typically only address a single topic at a time. There are separate standards that provide the details for each of the major symbols and topics below (e.g. position, flatness, profile, etc.). [edit] Dimensioning and tolerancing philosophy According to the ASME Y14.5-2009[1] standard, the purpose of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is to describe the engineering intent of parts and assemblies. This is not a completely correct explanation of the purpose of GD&T or dimensioning and tolerancing in general. The purpose of GD&T is more accurately defined as describing the geometric requirements for part and assembly geometry. Proper application of GD&T will ensure that the allowable part and assembly geometry defined on the drawing leads to parts that have the desired form and fit (within limits) and function as intended. There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied (these can be found on page 6 of the 2009 edition of the standard): • All dimensions must have a tolerance. Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or general note. For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related Feature Control Frame. The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum, maximum, stock or reference. • Dimensioning and tolerancing shall completely define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases. • Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference. • Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the function of the features. • Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture. • If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry (due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory. • All dimensioning and tolerancing should be arranged for maximum readability and should be applied to visible lines in true profiles. • When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension. • Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is explicitly shown. (This also applies to other orthogonal angles of 0°, 180°, 270°, etc.) • Dimensions and tolerances are valid at 20 °C / 101.3 kPa unless stated otherwise. • Unless explicitly stated, all dimensions and tolerances are only valid when the item is in a free state. • Dimensions and tolerances apply to the full length, width, and depth of a feature including form variation. • Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the level of the drawing where they are specified. It is not mandatory that they apply at other drawing levels, unless the specifications are repeated on the higher level drawing(s). (Note: The rules above are not the exact rules stated in the ASME Y14.5-2009 standard.)

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ISO DIS 13567 - The Proposed International Standard for Structuring Layers in Computer Aided Building Design

SUMMARY: Layering is a widely used method for structuring data in CAD-models. During the last few years national standardisation organisations, professional associations, user groups for particular CAD-systems, individual companies etc. have issued numerous standards and guidelines for the naming and structuring of layers in building design. In order to increase the integration of CAD data in the industry as a whole ISO recently decided to define an international standard for layer usage. The resulting standard proposal, ISO 13567, is a rather complex framework standard which strives to be more of a union than the least common denominator of the capabilities of existing guidelines. A number of principles have been followed in the design of the proposal. The first one is the separation of the conceptual organisation of information (semantics) from the way this information is coded (syntax). The second one is orthogonality - the fact that many ways of classifying information are independent of each other and can be applied in combinations. The third overriding principle is the reuse of existing national or international standards whenever appropriate. The fourth principle allows users to apply well-defined subsets of the overall superset of possible layernames. This article describes the semantic organisation of the standard proposal as well as its default syntax. Important information categories deal with the party responsible for the information, the type of building element shown, whether a layer contains the direct graphical description of a building part or additional information needed in an output drawing etc. Non-mandatory information categories facilitate the structuring of information in rebuilding projects, use of layers for spatial grouping in large multi-storey projects, and storing multiple representations intended for different drawing scales in the same model. Pilot testing of ISO 13567 is currently being carried out in a number of countries which have been involved in the definition of the standard. In the article two implementations, which have been carried out independently in Sweden and Finland, are described. The article concludes with a discussion of the benefits and possible drawbacks of the standard. Incremental development within the industry, (where ”best practice” can become ”common practice” via a standard such as ISO 13567), is contrasted with the more idealistic scenario of building product models. The relationship between CAD-layering, document management product modelling and building element classification is also discussed. KEYWORDS: CAD-system, layering, standardisation

Drawing Sketsa "HUB"

Drawing Sketsa "HUB"

Drawing work Sketsa "HUB"

Image Compression and Coding - Fundamentals of visual data compression

Definition: Image compression deals with reducing the amount of data required to represent a digital image by removing of redundant data. Images can be represented in digital format in many ways. Encoding the contents of a 2-D image in a raw bitmap (raster) format is usually not economical and may result in very large files. Since raw image representations usually require a large amount of storage space (and proportionally long transmission times in the case of file uploads/ downloads), most image file formats employ some type of compression. The need to save storage space and shorten transmission time, as well as the human visual system tolerance to a modest amount of loss, have been the driving factors behind image compression techniques. Compression methods can be lossy, when a tolerable degree of deterioration in the visual quality of the resulting image is acceptable, or lossless, when the image is encoded in its full quality. The overall results of the compression process, both in terms of storage savings – usually expressed numerically in terms of compression ratio (CR) or bits per pixel (bpp) – as well as resulting quality loss (for the case of lossy techniques) may vary depending on the technique, format, options (such as the quality setting for JPEG), and the image contents. As a general guideline, lossy compression should be used for general purpose photographic images, whereas lossless compression should be preferred when dealing with line art, technical drawings, cartoons, etc. or images in which no loss of detail may be tolerable (most notably, space images and medical images). We will review the most important concepts behind image compression and coding techniques and survey some of the most popular algorithms and standards. Fundamentals of visual data compression The general problem of image compression is to reduce the amount of data required to represent a digital image or video and the underlying basis of the reduction process is the removal of redundant data. Mathematically, visual data compression typically involves transforming (encoding) a 2-D pixel array into a statistically uncorrelated data set. This transformation is applied prior to storage or transmission. At some later time, the compressed image is decompressed to reconstruct the original image information (preserving or lossless techniques) or an approximation of it (lossy techniques). Redundancy Data compression is the process of reducing the amount of data required to represent a given quantity of information. Different amounts of data might be used to communicate the same amount of information. If the same information can be represented using different amounts of data, it is reasonable to believe that the representation that requires more data contains what is technically called data redundancy. Image compression and coding techniques explore three types of redundancies: coding redundancy, interpixel (spatial) redundancy, and psychovisual redundancy. The way each of them is explored is briefly described below. •Coding redundancy: consists in using variable-length codewords selected as to match the statistics of the original source, in this case, the image itself or a processed version of its pixel values. This type of coding is always reversible and usually implemented using look-up tables (LUTs). Examples of image coding schemes that explore coding redundancy are the Huffman codes and the arithmetic coding technique. •Interpixel redundancy: this type of redundancy – sometimes called spatial redundancy, interframe redundancy, or geometric redundancy – exploits the fact that an image very often contains strongly correlated pixels, in other words, large regions whose pixel values are the same or almost the same. This redundancy can be explored in several ways, one of which is by predicting a pixel value based on the values of its neighboring pixels. In order to do so, the original 2-D array of pixels is usually mapped into a different format, e.g., an array of differences between adjacent pixels. If the original image pixels can be reconstructed from the transformed data set the mapping is said to be reversible. Examples of compression techniques that explore the interpixel redundancy include: Constant Area Coding (CAC), (1-D or 2-D) Run-Length Encoding (RLE) techniques, and many predictive coding algorithms such as Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM). •Psychovisual redundancy: many experiments on the psychophysical aspects of human vision have proven that the human eye does not respond with equal sensitivity to all incoming visual information; some pieces of information are more important than others. The knowledge of which particular types of information are more or less relevant to the final human user have led to image and video compression techniques that aim at eliminating or reducing any amount of data that is psychovisually redundant. The end result of applying these techniques is a compressed image file, whose size and quality are smaller than the original information, but whose resulting quality is still acceptable for the application at hand. The loss of quality that ensues as a byproduct of such techniques is frequently called quantization, as to indicate that a wider range of input values is normally mapped into a narrower range of output values thorough an irreversible process. In order to establish the nature and extent of information loss, different fidelity criteria (some objective such as root mean square (RMS) error, some subjective, such as pairwise comparison of two images encoded with different quality settings) can be used. Most of the image coding algorithms in use today exploit this type of redundancy, such as the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-based algorithm at the heart of the JPEG encoding standard. Image compression and coding models Figure 1 shows a general image compression model. It consists of a source encoder, a channel encoder, the storage or transmission media (also referred to as channel ), a channel decoder, and a source decoder. The source encoder reduces or eliminates any redundancies in the input image, which usually leads to bit savings. Source encoding techniques are the primary focus of this discussion. The channel encoder increase noise immunity of source encoder’s output, usually adding extra bits to achieve its goals. If the channel is noise-free, the channel encoder and decoder may be omitted. At the receiver’s side, the channel and source decoder perform the opposite functions and ultimately recover (an approximation of) the original image. Figure 2 shows the source encoder in further detail. Its main components are: •Mapper: transforms the input data into a (usually nonvisual) format designed to reduce interpixel redundancies in the input image. This operation is generally reversible and may or may not directly reduce the amount of data required to represent the image. •Quantizer: reduces the accuracy of the mapper’s output in accordance with some pre-established fidelity criterion. Reduces the psychovisual redundancies of the input image. This operation is not reversible and must be omitted if lossless compression is desired. •Symbol (entropy) encoder: creates a fixed- or variable-length code to represent the quantizer’s output and maps the output in accordance with the code. In most cases, a variable-length code is used. This operation is reversible. Error-free compression Error-free compression techniques usually rely on entropy-based encoding algorithms. The concept of entropy is mathematically described in equation (1): where: a j is a symbol produced by the information source P ( a j ) is the probability of that symbol J is the total number of different symbols H ( z ) is the entropy of the source. The concept of entropy provides an upper bound on how much compression can be achieved, given the probability distribution of the source. In other words, it establishes a theoretical limit on the amount of lossless compression that can be achieved using entropy encoding techniques alone. Variable Length Coding (VLC) Most entropy-based encoding techniques rely on assigning variable-length codewords to each symbol, whereas the most likely symbols are assigned shorter codewords. In the case of image coding, the symbols may be raw pixel values or the numerical values obtained at the output of the mapper stage (e.g., differences between consecutive pixels, run-lengths, etc.). The most popular entropy-based encoding technique is the Huffman code. It provides the least amount of information units (bits) per source symbol. It is described in more detail in a separate short article. Run-length encoding (RLE) RLE is one of the simplest data compression techniques. It consists of replacing a sequence (run) of identical symbols by a pair containing the symbol and the run length. It is used as the primary compression technique in the 1-D CCITT Group 3 fax standard and in conjunction with other techniques in the JPEG image compression standard (described in a separate short article). Differential coding Differential coding techniques explore the interpixel redundancy in digital images. The basic idea consists of applying a simple difference operator to neighboring pixels to calculate a difference image, whose values are likely to follow within a much narrower range than the original gray-level range. As a consequence of this narrower distribution – and consequently reduced entropy – Huffman coding or other VLC schemes will produce shorter codewords for the difference image. Read more: Image Compression and Coding - Fundamentals of visual data compression, Redundancy, models, Error-free compression, Variable Length Coding (VLC) - JRank Articles http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6760/Image-Compression-and-Coding.html#ixzz21Jsy7h8n

Mechantronics and the role of engineers

Mechatronics can be seen everywhere today. Engineers have mechatronics journals and can read mechatronics papers in journals that cover other fields, while a multitude of diverse companies are embracing its principles. The term was coined over 40 years ago, when engineer Tetsuro Mori combined the words "mechanical" and "electronic" to describe the electronic control systems that Yaskawa Electric Corp. was building for mechanical factory equipment. Mechatronics are all around us, from computer hard drives and robotic assembly systems to washing machines, coffee makers, and medical devices. Electronics that control mechanical systems account for much of the value of the average automobile, managing everything from stability control and antilock brakes to climate control and memory-adjust seats. "Mechatronics" means many things to many people, but when pressed, many engineers reference a drawing shown by Kevin Craig, perhaps the nation's foremost evangelist of mechatronic design. It consists of four overlapping circles: mechanical systems, electronic systems, control systems, and computers. "Mechatronics represents more than mechanical and electronics," according to Craig, a professor of mechanical engineering who left Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to start a mechatronics program at Marquette University. According to Michelle Boucher, an analyst for the Aberdeen Group, a Boston-based technology think tank, the best performers among the surveyed companies have changed the way they worked. More importantly, though, they do not schedule meetings based on time—every week, or twice monthly—but on key events in the project timeline. Mechatronics are all around us, from computer hard drives and robotic assembly systems to washing machines, coffee makers, and medical devices. So instead of wasting time in a meeting when nothing is happening, key players gather when it's time to fit the pieces together. Design and project collaboration software are also important. These applications help engineers visualize how systems work and are easy to mark up with questions and comments. "If you're an electrical engineer, you don't necessarily have easy access to CAD data, so this helps you see how the device is supposed to work," Boucher said. But the question remains: Which engineers lead? According to Peter Schmidt, a senior research engineer at Rockwell Automation's Advanced Technology Group who teaches part-time with Craig at Marquette, "We're all engineers and we're doing engineering, period. Rockwell Automation has long hired electrical and control engineers to design its machine control and factory automation systems. Many of the company's engineers say they have been doing systems integration design and modeling (in short, mechatronics) for 20 years. It's that multidisciplinary approach from concept through delivery that separates mechatronics from old-style control engineering at Rockwell. President Terry Precht calls it a virtual factory, combining design, manufacturing, and depot repair services. While some mechatronics teams like to run simulations, Precht prefers to use the prototype approach. "You can answer certain questions from an actual model that you can't get answered in a soft model," he said. Project Leadership "Our mechanical and electrical engineers are always working very closely together on these things," Precht said. "When we build systems with complex moving parts, mechanical engineers write the control software since they understand how the devices should operate. We have three graduates that went through Doctor Dave's mechatronics course, and it was just obvious from the start how well they can work across a broad spectrum of projects compared with engineers who were classically trained." "Doctor Dave" is David Alciatore, a professor of mechanical engineering who literally wrote the book on mechatronics, Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, with co-author and professor emeritus Michael Histand. The first edition came out in 1999, and the book is now in its fourth edition. "A good hands-on mechanical engineer trained in electronics makes a much better mechatronics engineer than an electrical engineer or computer engineer trained in mechanics later," he said. Back to School Right now, the question of who takes ownership and who will lead the development of next-generation electromechanical systems often depends on where engineers work. Companies that make mechanical systems tend to let mechanical engineers lead; those that make electronics assign the lead to software and electrical engineers. In the future, though, the issue may be decided by how colleges train the next generation of mechanical engineers. Right now, most schools teach controls, basic electronics, and programming as part of the mechanical engineering curriculum. For example, at Colorado State University in Pueblo, in addition to the course work, the engineering program also focuses on teaching students to work on teams, an essential for the multifunctional world of industrial design. According to Craig, classical mechanical engineering has become a commodity skill. His goal at Marquette is to integrate courses so that electrical, control, and mechanical engineers learn how different disciplines use the same core knowledge to achieve different results. "We have to show how we can integrate electronics and controls into modern mechanical systems," he says. Another approach is to offer a degree in mechatronics. So far, only three schools do that: California State University, North Carolina State University, and Colorado State University. The department chair at Colorado State, Jane Fraser, thinks that industrial engineering is an ideal platform for mechatronics because the focus is on bottom-line results rather than on mechanical or electrical components. Manufacturing companies in her community are telling her the same thing. They want students trained to integrate electronics, controls, computers, and moving parts. For them, this is not just where engineering is going. It is where engineering has arrived. [Adapted from "Who Owns Mechatronics?" by Alan S. Brown, Associate Editor, Mechanical Engineering, June 2008.]

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DRAWING PIRATES OF THE CARRIBEEAN

he Vibration Dampener

by Bart McNeil Gimme a vibe... The 1956 Jeep Model CJ-3B Parts List contains some seldom noticed lines. And even if noticed, this one is still somewhat of a mystery: "vibration dampener." A thing which dampens vibrations. What thing, and what vibrations? And why do they need to be damp? (Editor's note: I have to admit that when Bart first said he was writing an article about the "vibration dampener" I didn't realize what he was talking about. I assumed it must be something in the suspension or steering. But once again Bart has combed through old Willys publications, Jeep history books, and the web, to assemble a history of an overlooked original Jeep detail. -- Derek Redmond) A vibration dampener couldn't be simpler; just a block of wood bolted to the body to hold the spare tire in slight compression to avoid the bounce and wobble (vibration) of the spare when driving over rough roads or terrain. Apparently Willys was more concerned with vibration of the spare tire than most of its customers; vibration dampeners were available starting in 1949, and may have been standard equipment on the CJ-3B, but most of us have never seen one, or noticed it even if we did see one. I have poured over my Jeep books and have only found a few published photos showing a vibration dampener, and two of those photos show only a small portion of the dampener. On the internet I've found a few more. Click the detail photos below to see the full photos from which they are taken. CJ-1 Upon receiving my copy of Fred Coldwell's 2001 book, Preproduction Civilian Jeeps, the first thing I noticed in the cover photo was that in front of the bare spare tire rim two small blocks of wood were installed. This pre-production 1944 CJ-1 had to be the earliest version of the civilian Jeep on which vibration dampeners are found. They can be seen in the 3 o'clock and 5 o'clock position relative to the empty rim. Another photo shows a third dampener behind the spare mount in the 9 o'clock position. CJ-3A Although vibration dampeners could be installed on CJ-2A's I have found no published photos where they are visible. A vibration dampener does appear on Jim Marski's 1950 CJ-3A with Auburn Jeep-a-Trench and blade, pictured in Jim Allen's Jeep. This workhorse would certainly need some sort of dampener because of its heavy off-road use and quaking machinery. It can barely be seen between the spare and the sheet metal and is located in line with the curve of the tire. Parts List From Willys Motors Jeep Model CJ-3B Parts List (1956). The question remains, why didn't Willys install the vibration dampeners on all its civilian Jeeps? The answer is in the parts list line, which reads "Use with 6.00 x 16 tires." Shortly after the introduction of the CJ-2A, buyers could opt for another size rim and tire, and to install the vibration dampener would be a committment the owner might not want to make. The wider 7.00 x 15" tire needs a much thinner vibration dampener. In fact Reed Cary points out that in a 1949 Parts List (CJ-2A and CJ-3A) two were offered: "671157 DAMPENER, vibration, spare wheel (use with 6.00-16 tires)" and "671158 DAMPENER, vibration, spare wheel (use with 7.00-15 tires)." Reed's own CJ-3A with 7.00 x 15" tires doesn't use a dampener and the tire wall touches the body. We cannot visually determine the width of the dampener on Marski's 3A but it is almost certainly a thin one. It seems that Willys itself had mixed feelings on the need for a dampener with 7.00 x 15" tires. Both the 1956 CJ-3B Parts List and the 1962 Master Parts List show only the standard part number 671157 vibration dampener, used with 6.00" tires. Drawing But indeed when the units were first introduced for the CJ-3A in 1949, there were two sizes. Service Bulletin 49-24 (70K JPEG) tells dealers, "Where vehicles are used in rough territory, it is suggested that you interest your owners in the installation of this vibration dampener. (...) This installation can also be made on the Model CJ-2A in the same manner, using the same dimensions. The installation of this dampener will materially lengthen the life of the spare tire mounting." Bill Norris scanned the drawing (left) from the Service Bulletin, showing the size of the wood blocks, and the drawing showing the location of the mounting bolt holes (30K JPEG). CJ-3A In The Jeep in Sweden, by Stig Edqvist, there are two CJ-3A's pictured with vibration dampeners. In this example the 3A was brand new (recently assembled after import) and had never been used. The photo is quite sharp, so that under close scrutiny the vibration dampener can be seen to be the thinner version for use with a 7.00" tire. CJ-3B Derek Redmond's 1959 3B was running with 6.00 x 16" tires when he bought it. This is a detail from a photo which I studied for an hour (for another purpose) before I noticed the vibration dampener, held by only one screw and dangling from the body. Tim Henderson sent a closeup of the original vibration dampener on his 1956 CJ-3B. CJ-3B Lawrence Wade is preserving his father's 1955 CJ-3B. Lawrence's vibration dampener appears to be simply a piece of hard wood 3/4 x 2" by about 5" in length, just visible in this photo. But there is something interesting about the way his father installed this vibration dampener for his optional 15" rims and 7:00 x 15" tires. CJ-3B Normally one would need at most a very thin vibration dampener when using 7.00 x 15" tires, as the 1949 Parts List suggests, but Lawrence's father installed a 3/4-inch block. (See a close photo by Rus Curtis of the vibration dampener from above, 60K JPEG.) Once the vibration dampener was installed he had to fabricate a spacer to fit between the body and the spare tire mount to make it work effectively. The spacer appears to be 3/4-inch pieces of plywood between the spare tire mount and the body. Lawrence describes his father as a perfectionist who went to great efforts to get things to fit. At some point he also cut off the upper right hand corner of the vibration dampener so as not to interfere with the original canvas top. Tire size At first it may seem unnecessary for Mr. Wade to have installed the dampener and spacer between body and spare mount, but let's examine the situation from a different perspective. We have seen that if we change the tire size from 6.00 x 16" to 7.00 x 15" the tire wall moves toward the body sheet metal and touches it (or almost touches it). The same effect is taking place on all the other installed tires and the right rear tire wall is moving 1/2-inch toward the spare tire just as the spare is moving 1/2-inch toward the right rear tire. A potentially dangerous situation. Under normal day-to-day driving there may be no problem, but under strain which one might encounter in an emergency situation (or severe off-road usage) the spare and right rear tires could rub against each other causing a blow out. Robert (Bert) Baker, a long-time Jeep owner, has experienced this with 7.00 x 15" tires during off-road driving. According to Bert the largest safe tire offered as a standard tire for CJ's was the 6.70 x 15" (or 16"), slightly narrower than the 7.00" tire. So Wade's father outsmarted us. It was most likely a safety issue that caused him to move the tire out by 3/4-inch. To do this he needed both the spacer and the vibration dampener. A larger tire would create an even greater problem; on my own 3B (used on a farm to plow snow) the previous owner installed 7.50 x 15" truck tires. That may explain why the owner removed the spare mount from the side and installed it on the tailgate. CJ-2A Paul Provencher describes his problems caused by the lack of a vibration dampener back in the 1970's: "The side-mounted spare on my CJ-2A was a source of great frustration for me. The original spare would not stay tight against the body. I wedged something in between the body and the tire. My right rear tire rubbed the spare in off-road situations so much that I finally removed the spare and mount and stored the spare inside the Jeep." (Photo by Paul M. Provencher. All Rights Reserved. Used with permission of 4x4icon.com.) CJ-5 Joe Caprio's restored 1958 CJ-5 shows a vibration dampener to the right of the empty rim. This was the first example we had seen of the dampener turned 90 degrees, pointing away from the spare tire mount. This change in orientation may be to accommodate either 15" or 16" rims and tires. CJ-5 Here's another CJ-5 which appears to retain the original dampener. Keith Ross photographed this example in 2008 in Lake City, Colorado (180K JPEG). CJ-5 In Patrick R. Foster's The Story of Jeep there is a factory photo of a 1966 testing of various Jeep vehicles. A CJ-5 is decked out for a safari outside Toledo. A careful examination of the photo reveals a vibration dampener. While not a clear image there is certainly a vibration dampener installed pointing in the 2:30 o'clock position. Most of the Jeeps seen here were used, or were meant to be used, off road or under severe conditions. Jim Marski's 3A speaks for itself. The Swedish 3A with its Monroe lift is ready for farm work. Lawrence Wade's 3B spent a few early years as the only work vehicle on a small poultry operation. Joe Caprio's CJ-5 pushed a plow, and the factory CJ-5 seems to be preparing for an adventure in the roadless wilderness of Ohio. A standard vibration dampener couldn't have cost more than a few cents to manufacture and might have been supplied to the dealer uninstalled with the caution that it is to be installed for hard use and only with the proper size rims and tires. Considering that it is in every parts list as standard equipment, yet can be found on only a few CJs even when 6.00 x 16" tires were the norm, it just might be the case that owners simply didn't want two more holes in their brand new Jeeps. I hope this article explains why your CJ has a vibration dampener, or has holes where one used to be. Or perhaps it explains why your CJ has never had one.

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ISO Standards Handbook:

Contents Part 2 : Mechanical engineering drawings ISO 1101:1983 Technical drawings — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out — Generalities, definitions, symbols, indications on drawings ISO 1302:2002 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation ISO 1660:1987 Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles ISO 2162-1:1993 Technical product documentation — Springs — Part 1: Simplified representation ISO 2162-2:1993 Technical product documentation — Springs — Part 2: Presentation of data for cylindrical helical compression springs ISO 2162-3:1993 Technical product documentation — Springs — Part 3: Vocabulary ISO 2203:1973 Technical drawings — Conventional representation of gears ISO 2692:1988 Technical drawings — Geometrical tolerancing — Maximum material principle ISO 2692:1988 / Amd. 1:1992 Amendment 1:1992 to ISO 2692:1988 — Least material requirement ISO 3040:1990 Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Cones ISO 5459:1981 Technical drawings — Geometrical tolerancing — Datums and datum-systems for geometrical tolerances ISO/TR 5460:1985 Technical drawings — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out — Verification principles and methods — Guidelines ISO 5845-1:1995 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners — Part 1: General principles ISO 5845-2:1995 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners — Part 2: Rivets for aerospace equipment ISO 6410-1:1993 Technical drawings — Screw threads and threaded parts — Part 1: General conventions ISO 6410-2:1993 Technical drawings — Screw threads and threaded parts — Part 2: Screw thread inserts Technical drawings, Ed. 4, Vol. 2 Page 2 of 4 ISO 6410-3:1993 Technical drawings — Screw threads and threaded parts — Part 3: Simplified representation ISO 6411:1982 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of centre holes ISO 7083:1983 Technical drawings — Symbols for geometrical tolerancing — Proportions and dimensions ISO 8015:1985 Technical drawings — Fundamental tolerancing principle ISO 8826-1:1989 Technical drawings — Rolling bearings — Part 1: General simplified representation ISO 8826-2:1994 Technical drawings — Rolling bearings — Part 2: Detailed simplified representation ISO 9222-1:1989 Technical drawings — Seals for dynamic application — Part 1: General simplified representation ISO 9222-2:1989 Technical drawings — Seals for dynamic application — Part 2: Detailed simplified representation ISO 10578:1992 Technical drawings — Tolerancing of orientation and location — Projected tolerance zone ISO 10579:1993 Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Non-rigid parts ISO 13715:2000 Technical drawings — Edges of undefined shape — Vocabulary and indications ISO 14660-1:1999 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 1: General terms and definitions ISO 14660-2:1999 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 2: Extracted median line of a cylinder and a cone, extracted median surface, local size of an extracted feature ISO 15785:2002 Technical drawings — Symbolic presentation and indication of adhesive, fold and pressed joints ISO 15787:2001 Technical product documentation — Heat-treated ferrous parts — Presentation and indications Part 3 : Construction drawings ISO 3766:1995 Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement ISO 4066:1994 Construction drawings — Bar scheduling ISO 4069:1977 Building and civil engineering drawings — Representation of areas on sections and views — General principles ISO 4157-1:1998 Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 1: Buildings and parts of buildings ISO 4157-2:1998 Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 2: Room names and numbers ISO 4157-3:1998 Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 3: Room identifiers ISO 4172:1991 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Drawings for the assembly of prefabricated structures ISO 6284:1996 Construction drawings — Indication of limit deviations Technical drawings, Ed. 4, Vol. 2 Page 3 of 4 ISO 7437:1990 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — General rules for execution of production drawings for prefabricated structural components ISO 7518:1983 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Simplified representation of demolition and rebuilding ISO 7519:1991 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — General principles of presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings ISO 8048:1984 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Representation of views, sections and cuts ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids ISO 9431:1990 Construction drawings — Spaces for drawing and for text, and title blocks on drawing sheets ISO/TR 10127:1990 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Technique — Use of computers for the preparation of construction drawings ISO 10135:1994 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of moulded, cast and forged parts ISO 11091:1994 Construction drawings — Landscape drawing practice Part 4 : Drawing equipment ISO 9175-1:1988 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper — Part 1: Definitions, dimensions, designation and marking ISO 9175-2:1988 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper — Part 2: Performance, test parameters and test conditions ISO 9176:1988 Tubular technical pens — Adaptor for compasses ISO 9177-1:1989 Mechanical pencils — Part 1: Classification, dimensions, performance requirements and testing ISO 9177-2:1989 Mechanical pencils — Part 2: Black leads — Classification and dimensions ISO 9177-3:1994 Mechanical pencils — Part 3: Black leads — Bending strengths of HB leads ISO 9178-1:1988 Templates for lettering and symbols — Part 1: General principles and identification markings ISO 9178-2:1988 Templates for lettering and symbols — Part 2: Slot widths for wood-cased pencils, clutch pencils and fine-lead pencils ISO 9178-3:1989 Templates for lettering and symbols — Part 3: Slot widths for technical pens with tubular tips in accordance with ISO 9175-1 ISO 9180:1988 Black leads for wood-cased pencils — Classification and diameters ISO 9957-1:1992 Fluid draughting media — Part 1: Water-based India ink — Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-2:1995 Fluid draughting media — Part 2: Water-based non-India ink — Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-3:1997 Fluid draughting media — Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks — Requirements and test conditions ISO 9958-1:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings — Draughting film with polyester base — Part 1: Requirements and marking Technical drawings, Ed. 4, Vol. 2 Page 4 of 4 ISO 9958-2:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings — Draughting film with polyester base — Part 2: Determination of properties ISO 9959-1:1992 Numerically controlled draughting machines — Drawing test for the evaluation of performance — Part 1: Vector plotters ISO 9959-2:1999 Numerically controlled draughting machines — Draughting test for evaluation of performance — Part 2: Monochrome raster plotters ISO 9960-1:1992 Draughting instruments with or without graduation — Part 1: Draughting scale rules ISO 9960-2:1994 Draughting instruments with or without graduation — Part 2: Protractors ISO 9960-3:1994 Draughting instruments with or without graduation — Part 3: Set squares ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings — Natural tracing paper ISO 9962-1:1992 Manually operated draughting machines — Part 1: Definitions, classification and designation ISO 9962-2:1992 Manually operated draughting machines — Part 2: Characteristics, performance, inspection and marking ISO 9962-3:1994 Manually operated draughting machines — Part 3: Dimensions of scale rule chuck plates ISO 12756:1998 Drawing and writing instruments — Ball point pens and roller ball pens — Vocabulary ISO 12757-2:1998 Ball point pens and refills — Part 2: Documentary use (DOC) ISO 14145-2:1998 Roller ball pens and refills — Part 2: Documentary use (DOC) ISO 16018:1999 Technical drawings — Numerically controlled draughting machines — Draughting media and tools for vector plotters

DRAWING MACHINE VISE

DRAWING MACHINE