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Mechanical engineers design and build engines and power plants...
...structures and vehicles of all sizes.
Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.[1] It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.
The engineering field requires a vast understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and structural analysis. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, motorized vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more.
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. Mechanical engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and petroleum engineering to varying amounts.
Development
Applications of mechanical engineering are found in the records of many ancient and medieval societies throughout the globe. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287 BC–212 BC) deeply influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam engine.[2] In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer, and Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer Su Song (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before any escapement can be found in clocks of medieval Europe, as well as the world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.[3]
During the years from 7th to 15th century, the era called the Islamic Golden Age, there have been remarkable contributions from Muslim inventors in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206, and presented many mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as the crankshaft and camshaft.[4]
Important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England during the 17th century when Sir Isaac Newton both formulated the three Newton's Laws of Motion and developed calculus. Newton was reluctant to publish his methods and laws for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Sir Edmund Halley, much to the benefit of all mankind.
During the early 19th century in England, Germany and Scotland, the development of machine tools led mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering, providing manufacturing machines and the engines to power them.[5] The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers.[6] On the European continent, Johann Von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz (Germany) in 1848.
In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871).[7] The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.[8]
[edit] Education
Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at universities worldwide. In Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, North America, and Pakistan, mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years of study and result in a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng), or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither BSc nor BTech programs have been adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is based on five years of training; but in order to qualify as an Engineer you have to pass a state exam at the end of the course.
In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical). The degree takes four years of full time study to achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, the Australian Institution of Engineers accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian universities. Before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm.
In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET web site lists 276 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of June 19, 2006.[9] Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB),[10] and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies.
Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Master of Science, Master of Engineering Management (MEng.Mgt or MEM), a Doctor of Philosophy in engineering (EngD, PhD) or an engineer's degree. The master's and engineer's degrees may or may not include research. The Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.[11] The Engineer's degree exists at a few institutions at an intermediate level between the master's degree and the doctorate.
[edit] Coursework
Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the U.S., for example, are required by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas."[12] The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and Institutes of technology will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's major area(s) of research.
The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:
Thursday, February 3, 2011
Monday, January 24, 2011
Drafting As An Art Of Technical Drawing
By:James Monahan
Drafting is also known as technical drawing, it is the method of creating drawing for architectures and engineering. A person who is skilled in this field is more popularly known as a draftsman.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
Article Source: http://www.redsofts.com/articles/
James Monahan is the owner and Senior Editor of
DraftingBase.com and writes expert
articles about drafting.
Drafting is also known as technical drawing, it is the method of creating drawing for architectures and engineering. A person who is skilled in this field is more popularly known as a draftsman.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
Article Source: http://www.redsofts.com/articles/
James Monahan is the owner and Senior Editor of
DraftingBase.com and writes expert
articles about drafting.
Saturday, January 22, 2011
Drafting A CAD model of a mechanical double seal
Main articles: Technical drawing and CNC
Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions.
Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily manually manufacture parts in the areas of applied spray coatings, finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine.
Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
[edit] Frontiers of research
Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is physically possible in order to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient machines and mechanical systems. Some technologies at the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also exploratory engineering).
Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions.
Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily manually manufacture parts in the areas of applied spray coatings, finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine.
Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
[edit] Frontiers of research
Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is physically possible in order to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient machines and mechanical systems. Some technologies at the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also exploratory engineering).
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
The Importance of Technical Drawing to an Engineer
By Brad Painting, eHow Contributor
Image from advanced CAD program
Image from advanced CAD program
Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Jeremy Levine
Without technical drawings, engineering would be a discipline of enormous guesswork. Technical drawings allow engineers to create designs, calculate forces and stresses on structures, and work with manufacturers. The ability to understand and work with technical drawings will not make someone a good engineer, but it is a necessary skill on the way to becoming adept in the profession.
Creating Designs
1. Engineers often create original designs that must be presented to others. Even if you can make a drawing understandable to yourself, it will not be readable to others if it does not follow the conventions of technical drawing. Engineers may design machine parts, composite structures or circuits that will involve the collaboration of several people. It is fine to sketch your basic ideas by hand while creatively brainstorming, but the details of the design must eventually be cemented into a format that is mutually understood.
Reading Designs
2. Engineers may not actually create designs, but analyze or perform calculations on them. A common example involves the calculation of the maximum stress on a machine part. By gathering the materials, geometry, and forces on a part from an engineering drawing, the engineer runs calculations to determine whether it will fail due to internal shear, compressive or tensile stresses.
Modifying Designs
3. Designs are rarely perfect the first time around, and usually involve an iterative process of modifying several factors. An engineer may work with a team by modifying the dimensions, geometry, materials or couplings to meet goals for safety, value and functionality. As an example, an engineer might be given the task of reducing the weight of an object by 5 percent without detracting from its functionality. A technical drawing is the only way to show exactly how the design would change.
Manufacturing
4. A technical drawing can give machine operators information on how to manufacture an item. It is the engineer's responsibility to create the design in a way that does not call for excessively difficult or complex manufacturing processes. An engineering drawing should contain sufficient views and acceptable surface finishes, tolerances and geometries to be manufactured with the available equipment.
Computer Software
5. Technical drawings are created and modified through a number of computer-aided design programs, such as AutoCAD and SolidWorks. These programs have long moved past cutting-edge status and are now practically considered a standard part of an engineer's skill set. To use these programs effectively, one must understand the different line types, views, dimensions and information included in technical drawings.
FiberSIM 2010 Availablewww.vistagy.com
Capitalize on New Composite Materials and Processes
Chemical Engineeringwww.che.com
Online and print solutions for pros in CPI and related industries
Pipe Engineering Analysiswww.pipemill.com
Design a flange, support, loop or calculating loads ? Need data?
SolidWorks Trainingwww.myigetit.com/solidworks
Not just online videos i GET IT provides real training material.
Image from advanced CAD program
Image from advanced CAD program
Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Jeremy Levine
Without technical drawings, engineering would be a discipline of enormous guesswork. Technical drawings allow engineers to create designs, calculate forces and stresses on structures, and work with manufacturers. The ability to understand and work with technical drawings will not make someone a good engineer, but it is a necessary skill on the way to becoming adept in the profession.
Creating Designs
1. Engineers often create original designs that must be presented to others. Even if you can make a drawing understandable to yourself, it will not be readable to others if it does not follow the conventions of technical drawing. Engineers may design machine parts, composite structures or circuits that will involve the collaboration of several people. It is fine to sketch your basic ideas by hand while creatively brainstorming, but the details of the design must eventually be cemented into a format that is mutually understood.
Reading Designs
2. Engineers may not actually create designs, but analyze or perform calculations on them. A common example involves the calculation of the maximum stress on a machine part. By gathering the materials, geometry, and forces on a part from an engineering drawing, the engineer runs calculations to determine whether it will fail due to internal shear, compressive or tensile stresses.
Modifying Designs
3. Designs are rarely perfect the first time around, and usually involve an iterative process of modifying several factors. An engineer may work with a team by modifying the dimensions, geometry, materials or couplings to meet goals for safety, value and functionality. As an example, an engineer might be given the task of reducing the weight of an object by 5 percent without detracting from its functionality. A technical drawing is the only way to show exactly how the design would change.
Manufacturing
4. A technical drawing can give machine operators information on how to manufacture an item. It is the engineer's responsibility to create the design in a way that does not call for excessively difficult or complex manufacturing processes. An engineering drawing should contain sufficient views and acceptable surface finishes, tolerances and geometries to be manufactured with the available equipment.
Computer Software
5. Technical drawings are created and modified through a number of computer-aided design programs, such as AutoCAD and SolidWorks. These programs have long moved past cutting-edge status and are now practically considered a standard part of an engineer's skill set. To use these programs effectively, one must understand the different line types, views, dimensions and information included in technical drawings.
FiberSIM 2010 Availablewww.vistagy.com
Capitalize on New Composite Materials and Processes
Chemical Engineeringwww.che.com
Online and print solutions for pros in CPI and related industries
Pipe Engineering Analysiswww.pipemill.com
Design a flange, support, loop or calculating loads ? Need data?
SolidWorks Trainingwww.myigetit.com/solidworks
Not just online videos i GET IT provides real training material.
Professional Printing Quality For Technical Drawing
If you're a professional working with CAD and CAD related information and needing hard copy, you'll appreciate the need for top quality printing capabilities. Print quality equates to extreme accuracy in the print, as well as your specifications and patiently accumulated graphics. These are working documents, and they have to be good, as well as look good. Semi-legible plans aren't an option. CAD printing has to be done as well as the plans themselves.
CAD can help, but so can your printer
Fortunately, CAD is an almost self-explanatory drawing mode. You know the whole story of every line on the plan, line sizes, areas of text, etc. It's also helpful by nature because of its strongly regulated lines and coordinates, which is a very good printer-friendly setup by nature. A basic print dialog box will do most of the work, but with technical drawing you can add some failsafes and quality controls before you print.
The Draft and Text modes are particularly useful, because they use a minimum of ink. If there are any actual print problems, you'll see them on this type of print. If there are head or nozzle issues, the print will have gaps in lines, or blurry looking elements. Use the Advanced and Maintenance settings to clear up these issues.
Ink quality issues and getting the right setup
The dpi ratio is often the key to good line quality. Good quality printer inks, particularly those used for photo printing, are the best. You may find that photo quality technical drawings are more precise on your printer, because of the high quality ink applications to media.
If you're finding lines are looking variable, you can use imaging software to control DPI levels. Use a systematic increase or decrease in DPI to get the right settings. You don't need to waste ink, either, just do basic print maintenance tests with the new settings. Solid lines on tests mean you're ready to print.
A3 prints- quality before printing
Anyone who's ever wrestled with an A3 technical print knows the story. They're big, they're complicated, and there always seems to be something. They're also ink gluttons, if you let them get away with it.
The way to deal with these ink-hogging, line-sabotaging pests is with simple trickery. An A3 can be reduced down to an A5 easily. Simply test and do your quality controls on the A5. (A4 may use up a bit of ink, but you can try that for high detail, too.) You still have the level of detail, you can see problems, and you have some ink left.
Double checks using software for quality control
Another good quality control option is element printing. That's easy with CAD, and it's quick. You can do elements of the design as test prints. In some technical drawing printing jobs you may need element prints anyway, so you can do both at the same time. It saves ink, and will find any printing issues instantly.
Cartridgemate.com.au offers a wide range of inkjet printer cartridges and laser toner supplies at seriously discounted prices. You can save up to 70% on inflated retail shop prices. For more information or to view our products, visit Ink Cartridges
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Shane_Gooding
CAD can help, but so can your printer
Fortunately, CAD is an almost self-explanatory drawing mode. You know the whole story of every line on the plan, line sizes, areas of text, etc. It's also helpful by nature because of its strongly regulated lines and coordinates, which is a very good printer-friendly setup by nature. A basic print dialog box will do most of the work, but with technical drawing you can add some failsafes and quality controls before you print.
The Draft and Text modes are particularly useful, because they use a minimum of ink. If there are any actual print problems, you'll see them on this type of print. If there are head or nozzle issues, the print will have gaps in lines, or blurry looking elements. Use the Advanced and Maintenance settings to clear up these issues.
Ink quality issues and getting the right setup
The dpi ratio is often the key to good line quality. Good quality printer inks, particularly those used for photo printing, are the best. You may find that photo quality technical drawings are more precise on your printer, because of the high quality ink applications to media.
If you're finding lines are looking variable, you can use imaging software to control DPI levels. Use a systematic increase or decrease in DPI to get the right settings. You don't need to waste ink, either, just do basic print maintenance tests with the new settings. Solid lines on tests mean you're ready to print.
A3 prints- quality before printing
Anyone who's ever wrestled with an A3 technical print knows the story. They're big, they're complicated, and there always seems to be something. They're also ink gluttons, if you let them get away with it.
The way to deal with these ink-hogging, line-sabotaging pests is with simple trickery. An A3 can be reduced down to an A5 easily. Simply test and do your quality controls on the A5. (A4 may use up a bit of ink, but you can try that for high detail, too.) You still have the level of detail, you can see problems, and you have some ink left.
Double checks using software for quality control
Another good quality control option is element printing. That's easy with CAD, and it's quick. You can do elements of the design as test prints. In some technical drawing printing jobs you may need element prints anyway, so you can do both at the same time. It saves ink, and will find any printing issues instantly.
Cartridgemate.com.au offers a wide range of inkjet printer cartridges and laser toner supplies at seriously discounted prices. You can save up to 70% on inflated retail shop prices. For more information or to view our products, visit Ink Cartridges
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Shane_Gooding
Monday, January 3, 2011
Drafting As An Art Of Technical Drawing
By:James Monahan
Drafting is also known as technical drawing, it is the method of creating drawing for architectures and engineering. A person who is skilled in this field is more popularly known as a draftsman.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
Article Source: http://www.redsofts.com/articles/
Drafting is also known as technical drawing, it is the method of creating drawing for architectures and engineering. A person who is skilled in this field is more popularly known as a draftsman.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
Article Source: http://www.redsofts.com/articles/
Thursday, December 30, 2010
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Ensure the safety of your project
information. Autodesk Buzzsaw
is backed by a fi nancially stable
market leader, and it uses Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) transactions
for confi dential transmission of
sensitive project and company
information.
Use Dashboards
Monitor progress and quickly
identify potential problems and
discrepancies across projects.
Run Reports
Create customized
reports that track detailed
information across your
project portfolio. Get clear
visibility into schedules,
budgets, and project status.
Customize Workspace
Tailor forms, dashboards, and
reports to fi t your company’s
needs. Dashboards can include
information from multiple sources,
such as action items and external
schedules.
Manage Your Results
Reduce costs and errors by maintaining full control of
projects. Improve design review with sophisticated
viewing technology. Version control eliminates out-of-date
information and communicates the latest status instantly.
Run reports on project status, overdue items, and all site and
project activity, including who accessed what and when.
Increase Visibility; Improve ROI
Executive- and project-level dashboards provide customized
views so you can oversee and manage all your projects at
once. Instant access to crucial information increases return
on investment by spurring timely action and reducing the risk
of cost overruns and schedule delays.
Deploy, Use, and Maintain with Ease
Autodesk Buzzsaw is up and running in minutes without
help from programmers or IT specialists. Automatic webbased
installation and upgrades, plus the familiar Microsoft®
Windows® environment, make the system easy to learn
and use with little disruption to your processes. Flexible
permission levels maintain project security and control as
projects and team members change.
Depend on a Proven and Secure Service
The industry-leading Autodesk Buzzsaw project collaboration
service is backed by a fi nancially stable market leader with
more than 20 years’ experience. The service is integrated
with AutoCAD software and provides unmatched
performance and effi cient processes for managing all your
project information. Buzzsaw delivers secure, around-theclock
access from anywhere in the world.
Manage Design Development
View and mark up drawings directly from AutoCAD®
and MicroStation® software. And with enhanced viewing
technology, not only can users view and revise drawings
in Autodesk® DWF™ (Design Web Format™), DXF™, and
DGN™ format fi les, but they can automatically bring those
comments back into the original CAD fi le.
Reduce Bidding Costs
Publish and distribute sheet sets in DWF fi les to project
bidders. Reduce your printing, reproduction, and shipping
costs.
Simplify Construction Workfl ow
Use standardized forms, including requests for information
(RFIs) and change-order requests, for all construction
processes. Track and report progress to everyone involved
with built-in timers, reminders, tracking, and reporting
features.
Buzzsaw has given us a big edge in
time savings by eliminating printing
and delivery from our processes, not
to mention the expense. For instance,
it used to take one week to print and
collate a tender package, but it takes only
two days with Buzzsaw.
—David Meadows
Woolworths, Ltd.
Automated Calculations
Minimize tedious manual data transfer by directly
accessing engineering data in your model for design
calculations.
Intuitive Design Tools
Lay out, modify, and document building systems in an
intuitive design environment with improved tools that
require fewer clicks to accomplish the same task.
Dynamic Scheduling
Schedules are dynamically linked to your design data,
automatically updating as your design changes, increasing
productivity while reducing the chance for errors.
For more information, go to
http://south-apac.autodesk.com/buzzsaw.
visit http://south-apac.autodesk.com.
Autodesk, AutoCAD, Buzzsaw, Design Web Format, DWF, and DXF are registered trademarks or trademarks of
Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their
respective holders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product off erings and specifi cations at any time without notice,
and is not responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in this document.
© 2005 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved. 0000000
projects on schedule and within budget. As the leading
online project collaboration service, Buzzsaw allows you to
better manage, share, and track project information across
your extended teams. Whether you manage building,
manufacturing, or infrastructure projects, you always have
complete visibility and control.
View Activity Logs
View a complete list of site
and project activity to make
sure you don’t overlook
urgent action items.
Keep It Secure
Ensure the safety of your project
information. Autodesk Buzzsaw
is backed by a fi nancially stable
market leader, and it uses Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) transactions
for confi dential transmission of
sensitive project and company
information.
Use Dashboards
Monitor progress and quickly
identify potential problems and
discrepancies across projects.
Run Reports
Create customized
reports that track detailed
information across your
project portfolio. Get clear
visibility into schedules,
budgets, and project status.
Customize Workspace
Tailor forms, dashboards, and
reports to fi t your company’s
needs. Dashboards can include
information from multiple sources,
such as action items and external
schedules.
Manage Your Results
Reduce costs and errors by maintaining full control of
projects. Improve design review with sophisticated
viewing technology. Version control eliminates out-of-date
information and communicates the latest status instantly.
Run reports on project status, overdue items, and all site and
project activity, including who accessed what and when.
Increase Visibility; Improve ROI
Executive- and project-level dashboards provide customized
views so you can oversee and manage all your projects at
once. Instant access to crucial information increases return
on investment by spurring timely action and reducing the risk
of cost overruns and schedule delays.
Deploy, Use, and Maintain with Ease
Autodesk Buzzsaw is up and running in minutes without
help from programmers or IT specialists. Automatic webbased
installation and upgrades, plus the familiar Microsoft®
Windows® environment, make the system easy to learn
and use with little disruption to your processes. Flexible
permission levels maintain project security and control as
projects and team members change.
Depend on a Proven and Secure Service
The industry-leading Autodesk Buzzsaw project collaboration
service is backed by a fi nancially stable market leader with
more than 20 years’ experience. The service is integrated
with AutoCAD software and provides unmatched
performance and effi cient processes for managing all your
project information. Buzzsaw delivers secure, around-theclock
access from anywhere in the world.
Manage Design Development
View and mark up drawings directly from AutoCAD®
and MicroStation® software. And with enhanced viewing
technology, not only can users view and revise drawings
in Autodesk® DWF™ (Design Web Format™), DXF™, and
DGN™ format fi les, but they can automatically bring those
comments back into the original CAD fi le.
Reduce Bidding Costs
Publish and distribute sheet sets in DWF fi les to project
bidders. Reduce your printing, reproduction, and shipping
costs.
Simplify Construction Workfl ow
Use standardized forms, including requests for information
(RFIs) and change-order requests, for all construction
processes. Track and report progress to everyone involved
with built-in timers, reminders, tracking, and reporting
features.
Buzzsaw has given us a big edge in
time savings by eliminating printing
and delivery from our processes, not
to mention the expense. For instance,
it used to take one week to print and
collate a tender package, but it takes only
two days with Buzzsaw.
—David Meadows
Woolworths, Ltd.
Automated Calculations
Minimize tedious manual data transfer by directly
accessing engineering data in your model for design
calculations.
Intuitive Design Tools
Lay out, modify, and document building systems in an
intuitive design environment with improved tools that
require fewer clicks to accomplish the same task.
Dynamic Scheduling
Schedules are dynamically linked to your design data,
automatically updating as your design changes, increasing
productivity while reducing the chance for errors.
For more information, go to
http://south-apac.autodesk.com/buzzsaw.
visit http://south-apac.autodesk.com.
Autodesk, AutoCAD, Buzzsaw, Design Web Format, DWF, and DXF are registered trademarks or trademarks of
Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their
respective holders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product off erings and specifi cations at any time without notice,
and is not responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in this document.
© 2005 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved. 0000000
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