ISO 128-1 2003 Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 1: Introduction and index

ISO 128-1 2003 Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 1: Introduction and index

ISO 128 1 2003 gives general rules for the execution of technical drawings, as well as presenting the structure of, and an index for, the other parts of ISO 128. In all, ISO 128 specifies the graphical representation of objects on technical drawings with the aim of facilitating the international exchange of information on drawings and ensuring their uniformity in a comprehensive system relating to several technical functions.

ISO 128-1 2003 is applicable to all kinds of technical drawings, including, for example, those used in mechanical engineering and construction (architectural, civil engineering, shipbuilding etc.); it is applicable to both manual and computer-based drawings. It is not applicable to three-dimensional CAD models. 

ISO 1101 2004 Geometrical Product Specifications ( GPS ); Geometrical tolerancing; Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out contains basic information and gives requirements for the geometrical tolerancing of workpieces.

Overview

Overview

Since 2003 the ISO 128 standard contains twelve parts, which had been initiated between 1996 and 2003. It starts with a summary of the general rules for the execution of technical drawings, as well as presenting the structure. Further it describes basic conventions for lines, views, cuts and Sections, and different types of engineering drawings, such for mechanical engineering and construction in architectural, civil engineering, shipbuilding etc. It is applicable to both manual and computer-based drawings, but it is not applicable to three-dimensional CAD models.^[1]
The ISO 128 replaced the previous DIN 6 standard about drawings, projections and views, which was first published in 1922, and later updated in 1950 and 1968. The ISO 128 itself was first published in 1982, contained 15 pages and "specified the general principles of presentation to be applied to technical drawings following the orthographic projection methods".^[2] Several part of this standard have been update by individual parts and eventually the last parts and the whole standard as a whole has been withdrawn by the ISO in 2001.

 Composition of the ISO 128

The 12 parts of the ISO 128 standard are:

• ISO 128-1:2003. Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 1: Introduction and index
• ISO 128-20:1996 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 20: Basic conventions for lines
• ISO 128-21:1997 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 21: Preparation of lines by CAD systems
• ISO 128-22:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 22: Basic conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines
• ISO 128-23:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 23: Lines on construction drawings
• ISO 128-24:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 24: Lines on mechanical engineering drawings
• ISO 128-25:1999 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 25: Lines on shipbuilding drawings
• ISO 128-30:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 30: Basic conventions for views
• ISO 128-34:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 34: Views on mechanical engineering drawings
• ISO 128-40:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections
• ISO 128-44:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings
• ISO 128-50:2001 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation—Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections

 Other ISO standard related to technical drawing

A size chart illustrating the ISO A series described in ISO 216.

• ISO 216 paper sizes, e.g. the A4 paper size
• ISO 406:1987 Technical drawings—Tolerancing of linear and angular dimensions

• ISO 1660:1987 Technical drawings—Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles
• ISO 2203:1973 Technical drawings—Conventional representation of gears
• ISO 3040:1990 Technical drawings—Dimensioning and tolerancing -- Cones
• ISO 3098/1:1974 Technical Drawing - Lettering - Part I: Currently Used Characters
• ISO 4172:1991 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Drawings for the assembly of prefabricated structures

• ISO 5261:1995 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of bars and profile sections
• ISO 5455:1979 Technical drawings—Scales
• ISO 5456 Technical drawings -- Projection methods
  • ISO 5456-1:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 1: Synopsis
  • ISO 5456-2:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 2: Orthographic representations
  • ISO 5456-3:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 3: Axonometric representations
  • ISO 5456-4:1996 Technical drawings—Projection methods—Part 4: Central projection
• ISO 5457:1999 Technical product documentation -- Sizes and layout of drawing sheets
• ISO 5459:1981 Technical drawings -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Datums and datum-systems for geometrical tolerances
• ISO 5845-1:1995 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners—Part 1: General principles

• ISO 6410-1:1993 Technical drawings—Screw threads and threaded parts—Part 1: General conventions
• ISO 6411:1982 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of centre holes
• ISO 6412-1:1989 Technical drawings—Simplified representation of pipelines -- Part 1: General rules and orthogonal representation
• ISO 6413:1988 Technical drawings—Representation of splines and serrations
• ISO 6414:1982 Technical drawings for glassware
• ISO 6428:1982 Technical drawings—Requirements for microcopying
• ISO 6433:1981 Technical drawings -- Item references

• ISO 7200:1984 Technical drawings — Title blocks
• ISO 7083:1983 Technical drawings—Symbols for geometrical tolerancing -- Proportions and dimensions
• ISO 7437:1990 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- General rules for execution of production drawings for prefabricated structural components
• ISO 7518:1983 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Simplified representation of demolition and rebuilding
• ISO 7519:1991 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- General principles of presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings

• ISO 8015:1985 Technical drawings—Fundamental tolerancing principle
• ISO 8048:1984 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Representation of views, sections and cuts
• ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings -- Construction drawings -- Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids
• ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings—Construction drawings—Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids
• ISO 8826-1:1989 Technical drawings—Rolling bearings—Part 1: General simplified representation
• ISO 8826-2:1994 Technical drawings—Rolling bearings—Part 2: Detailed simplified representation

• ISO 9222-1:1989 Technical drawings—Seals for dynamic application—Part 1: General simplified representation
• ISO 9222-2:1989 Technical drawings—Seals for dynamic application—Part 2: Detailed simplified representation
• ISO 9958-1:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings—Draughting film with polyester base—Part 1: Requirements and marking
• ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings—Natural tracing paper

• ISO 10209-1:1992 Technical product documentation—Vocabulary—Part 1: Terms relating to technical drawings: general and types of drawings
• ISO 10578:1992 Technical drawings—Tolerancing of orientation and location—Projected tolerance zone
• ISO 10579:1993 Technical drawings—Dimensioning and tolerancing—Non-rigid parts
• ISO 13567 is an international Computer-aided design (CAD) layer standard.
• ISO 13715:2000 Technical drawings—Edges of undefined shape—Vocabulary and indications
• ISO 15786:2008 Technical drawings—Simplified representation and dimensioning of holes

Technical illustrations

Technical illustrations

Technical illustration is the use of illustration to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer".^[7]
The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer’s interest and understanding".^[8]
According to Viola (2005) "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".^[7]

Cutaway drawing of a Nash 600.

A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which surface elements a three-dimensional model are selectively removed, to make internal features visible, but without sacrificing the outer context entirely.
The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering".

Plan features

Plan features

 Format

Plans are often prepared in a "set". The set includes all the information required for the purpose of the set, and may exclude views or projections which are unnecessary. A set of plans can be on standard office-sized paper or on large sheets. It can be stapled, folded or rolled as required. A set of plans can also take the form of a digital file in a proprietary format such as DWG or an exchange file format such as DXF or PDF.
Plans are often referred to as "blueprints" or "bluelines". However, the terms are rapidly becoming an anachronism, since most copies of plans that were formerly made using a chemical-printing process that yielded graphics on blue-colored paper or, alternatively, of blue-lines on white paper, have been superseded by more modern reproduction processes that yield black or multicolour lines on white paper.

[edit] Scale

Main articles: Architect's scale, Engineer's scale, and Metric scale

The three axonometric views.

Plans are usually "scale drawings", meaning that the plans are drawn at specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Various scales may be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be drawn at 1:48 (or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:24 (or 1/2"=1'-0"). Site plans are often drawn at 1" = 20' (1:240) or 1" = 30' (1:360).
In the metric system the ratios commonly are 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:5000

 Views and projections

Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle (right) or First Angle (left).

Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane, the use of views or projections is crucial to the legibility of plans. Each projection is achieved by assuming a vantage point from which to see the place or object, and a type of projection. These projection types are:

• Parallel projection
  • Orthographic projection, including:
    • Plan view or floor plan view
    • Elevation, usually a side view of an exterior
    • Section , a view of the interior at a particular cutting plane
  • Axonometric projection, including:
    • Isometric projection
    • Dimetric projection
    • Trimetric projection
  • Oblique projection, and
• Perspective projection

 

Facing these issues ?

Facing these issues ?

a.product design teams need to increase innovation in existing and new design while reducing the time required to bring them to market
b.Designers are interested in the benefits of digital Prototyping but worried about losing invesments in existing DWG design data
c. Rapid creation of production - ready drawing is required for downstream user
d. Designers are unable to easily find and reuse designs
e. Designers need to optimize product perfomance and make accurate design decisions without building physical protoo ltypes
f. piping and wiring design take too long to develop.

DISCOVER WHY AUTODESK INVETOR IS THE FOUNDATION FOR DIGITAL PROTOTYPING

Main article: Engineering drawing

Engineering

Main article: Engineering drawing

See also: Mechanical engineering

Engineering can be a very broad term. It stems from the Latin ingenerare, meaning "to create".^[5] Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment.
Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.

Wright brothers Patent drawing, 1908.

[edit] Patents

Main article: Patent drawing

The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention whenever the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.^[6]
The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims, and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues, and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.^[6]