Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.[1] It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.
The engineering field requires an understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and structural analysis. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more.
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of developments in the field of physics. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. Mechanical engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, petroleum engineering, and chemical engineering to varying amounts.
Development
Applications of mechanical engineering are found in the records of many ancient and medieval societies throughout the globe. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287 BC–212 BC) deeply influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam engine.[2] In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer, and Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer Su Song (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before any escapement can be found in clocks of medieval Europe, as well as the world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.[3]
During the years from 7th to 15th century, the era called the Islamic Golden Age, there were remarkable contributions from Muslim inventors in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206, and presented many mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as the crankshaft and camshaft.[4]
Important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England during the 17th century when Sir Isaac Newton both formulated the three Newton's Laws of Motion and developed calculus. Newton was reluctant to publish his methods and laws for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Sir Edmund Halley, much to the benefit of all mankind.
During the early 19th century in England, Germany and Scotland, the development of machine tools led mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering, providing manufacturing machines and the engines to power them.[5] The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers.[6] On the European continent, Johann Von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz (Germany) in 1848.
In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871).[7] The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.[8]
Education
Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at universities worldwide. In Brazil, Ireland, China, Greece, Turkey, North America, South Asia, and the United Kingdom, mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years of study and result in a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc), Bachelor of Science Engineering (B.ScEng), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech), or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither BSc nor BTech programs have been adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is based on five years of training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer you have to pass a state exam at the end of the course.
In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical). The degree takes four years of full time study to achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, the Australian Institution of Engineers accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian universities. Before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm.
In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET web site lists 276 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of June 19, 2006.[9] Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB),[10] and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies.
Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Master of Science, Master of Engineering Management (MEng.Mgt or MEM), a Doctor of Philosophy in engineering (EngD, PhD) or an engineer's degree. The master's and engineer's degrees may or may not include research. The Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.[11] The Engineer's degree exists at a few institutions at an intermediate level between the master's degree and the doctorate.
Coursework
Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the U.S., for example, are required by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas."[12] The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and Institutes of technology will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's major area(s) of research.
Thursday, April 28, 2011
Monday, April 25, 2011
Drafting As An Art Of Technical Drawing
Drafting is also known as technical drawing, it is the method of creating drawing for architectures and engineering. A person who is skilled in this field is more popularly known as a draftsman.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer
aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer
aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
Types of Technical Drawing
When people think of career paths for artists they don't always immediately think of technical drawing. While it's easy to think of careers such as painting, there are several other ways in which artists can put their skills to use. Technical drawing fields can offer a variety of different opportunities for an artist to make money. Many of these fields are highly specialized and require schooling and certifications before the artist can begin working in them.
Architectural Drawing
*
This is the practice of creating extremely detailed plans that can then be used by construction specialists to build structures and buildings. Architects are responsible for the full design of a structure and final architectural plans are complex and contain a wealth of information used to aid in the construction of the building. Some architects use computer software known as Computer-aided Architectural Design to create their illustrations and plans.
Engineering Drawing
*
This type of technical drawing can cover many different career paths. Engineering drawing can consist of things from civil engineering to mechanical engineering. Almost anything that is being designed or produced first needs to have a detailed drawing so that it can be planned out before being put into production. There are many sub categories that fall under engineering drawing, and interested artists will need to do further research to discover which path they want to take with their engineering drawing pursuits. This career is sometimes called drafting, a broad term that is used to identify several technical drawing fields.
Patent Drawing
*
Depending on the type of patent being sought, those wishing to get things patented are required to submit a technical drawing with their application. The guidelines for these drawings are quite strict and can require a high level of technical skill to accomplish. Features of inventions being submitted for patent must be drawn in detail to comply with the application rules.
General Design and Illustration
*
There are a number of other careers available to someone with technical drawing training. Companies require specific technical illustrations for things ranging from instruction manuals to court cases and text books. There are also opportunities in industries such as film, television and video games. These industries can employ a technical artist to do things like character design, animations for games or films and even special effects work that can then be used in films or on television.
* IT Architect? Certify nowwww.EnterpriseArchitects.com
Command respect from your peers and take your career to a new level
*
Read more: Types of Technical Drawing | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_5818585_types-technical-drawing.html#ixzz1KXvh8fTl
Architectural Drawing
*
This is the practice of creating extremely detailed plans that can then be used by construction specialists to build structures and buildings. Architects are responsible for the full design of a structure and final architectural plans are complex and contain a wealth of information used to aid in the construction of the building. Some architects use computer software known as Computer-aided Architectural Design to create their illustrations and plans.
Engineering Drawing
*
This type of technical drawing can cover many different career paths. Engineering drawing can consist of things from civil engineering to mechanical engineering. Almost anything that is being designed or produced first needs to have a detailed drawing so that it can be planned out before being put into production. There are many sub categories that fall under engineering drawing, and interested artists will need to do further research to discover which path they want to take with their engineering drawing pursuits. This career is sometimes called drafting, a broad term that is used to identify several technical drawing fields.
Patent Drawing
*
Depending on the type of patent being sought, those wishing to get things patented are required to submit a technical drawing with their application. The guidelines for these drawings are quite strict and can require a high level of technical skill to accomplish. Features of inventions being submitted for patent must be drawn in detail to comply with the application rules.
General Design and Illustration
*
There are a number of other careers available to someone with technical drawing training. Companies require specific technical illustrations for things ranging from instruction manuals to court cases and text books. There are also opportunities in industries such as film, television and video games. These industries can employ a technical artist to do things like character design, animations for games or films and even special effects work that can then be used in films or on television.
* IT Architect? Certify nowwww.EnterpriseArchitects.com
Command respect from your peers and take your career to a new level
*
Read more: Types of Technical Drawing | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_5818585_types-technical-drawing.html#ixzz1KXvh8fTl
Friday, April 22, 2011
This post follows on from my previous post on ‘Assembly Techniques for Woodworkers’.
This post follows on from my previous post on ‘Assembly Techniques for Woodworkers’.
I have written this tutorial to demonstrate the ‘Top Down’ or ‘In Place‘ modelling technique. To help help woodworkers visualize this technique, I have based it on a familiar item in any workshop – a shooting board.
Shooting Board Modelled in Atodesk Inventor
This tutorial will show you how to create a simple assembly model with Autodesk Inventor, using the ‘In place’ modelling technique. Using the in place technique, we will start with an assembly file and then build each part inside the assembly. This tutorial also demonstrates how to use ‘Adaptive’ parts to control the size of an assembly model from one base part.
This article is aimed at novice users. However I am assuming that you are familiar with the concepts of parametric modelling, and that you’ve had some time to explore the Inventor user interface.
I have written this tutorial to demonstrate the ‘Top Down’ or ‘In Place‘ modelling technique. To help help woodworkers visualize this technique, I have based it on a familiar item in any workshop – a shooting board.
Shooting Board Modelled in Atodesk Inventor
This tutorial will show you how to create a simple assembly model with Autodesk Inventor, using the ‘In place’ modelling technique. Using the in place technique, we will start with an assembly file and then build each part inside the assembly. This tutorial also demonstrates how to use ‘Adaptive’ parts to control the size of an assembly model from one base part.
This article is aimed at novice users. However I am assuming that you are familiar with the concepts of parametric modelling, and that you’ve had some time to explore the Inventor user interface.
Thursday, April 21, 2011
Engineering drawing
A graphical language used by engineers and other technical personnel associated with the engineering profession. The purpose of engineering drawing is to convey graphically the ideas and information necessary for the construction or analysis of machines, structures, or systems. See also Computer graphics; Drafting; Graphic methods; Schematic drawing.
The basis for much engineering drawing is orthographic representation (projection). Objects are depicted by front, top, side, auxiliary, or oblique views, or combinations of these. The complexity of an object determines the number of views shown. At times, pictorial views are shown. See also Descriptive geometry; Pictorial drawing.
Engineering drawings often include such features as various types of lines, dimensions, lettered notes, sectional views, and symbols. They may be in the form of carefully planned and checked mechanical drawings, or they may be freehand sketches. Usually a sketch precedes the mechanical drawing.
Many objects have complicated interior details which cannot be clearly shown by means of front, top, side, or pictorial views. Section views enable the engineer or detailer to show the interior detail in such cases. Features of section drawings are cutting-plane symbols, which show where imaginary cutting planes are passed to produce the sections, and section-lining (sometimes called cross-hatching), which appears in the section view on all portions that have been in contact with the cutting plane.
In addition to describing the shape of objects, many drawings must show dimensions, so that workers can build the structure or fabricate parts that will fit together. This is accomplished by placing the required values (measurements) along dimension lines (usually outside the outlines of the object) and by giving additional information in the form of notes which are referenced to the parts in question by angled lines called leaders.
Layout drawings of different types are used in different manufacturing fields for various purposes. One is the plant layout drawing, in which the outline of the building, work areas, aisles, and individual items of equipment are all drawn to scale. Another type of layout, or preliminary assembly, drawing is the design layout, which establishes the position and clearance of parts of an assembly.
A set of working drawings usually includes detail drawings of all parts and an assembly drawing of the complete unit. Assembly drawings vary somewhat in character according to their use, as design assemblies or layouts; working drawing assemblies; general assemblies; installation assemblies; and check assemblies.
Schematic or diagrammatic drawings make use of standard symbols which indicate the direction of flow. In piping and electrical schematic diagrams, symbols are used. The fixtures or components are not labeled in most schematics because the readers usually know what the symbols represent. See also Schematic drawing; Wiring diagram.
Structural drawings include design and working drawings for structures such as building, bridges, dams, tanks, and highways. Such drawings form the basis of legal contracts. Structural drawings embody the same principles as do other engineering drawings, but use terminology and dimensioning techiques different from thoses shown in previous illustrations. See also Nomograph.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/engineering-drawing#ixzz1KA2z6veb
The basis for much engineering drawing is orthographic representation (projection). Objects are depicted by front, top, side, auxiliary, or oblique views, or combinations of these. The complexity of an object determines the number of views shown. At times, pictorial views are shown. See also Descriptive geometry; Pictorial drawing.
Engineering drawings often include such features as various types of lines, dimensions, lettered notes, sectional views, and symbols. They may be in the form of carefully planned and checked mechanical drawings, or they may be freehand sketches. Usually a sketch precedes the mechanical drawing.
Many objects have complicated interior details which cannot be clearly shown by means of front, top, side, or pictorial views. Section views enable the engineer or detailer to show the interior detail in such cases. Features of section drawings are cutting-plane symbols, which show where imaginary cutting planes are passed to produce the sections, and section-lining (sometimes called cross-hatching), which appears in the section view on all portions that have been in contact with the cutting plane.
In addition to describing the shape of objects, many drawings must show dimensions, so that workers can build the structure or fabricate parts that will fit together. This is accomplished by placing the required values (measurements) along dimension lines (usually outside the outlines of the object) and by giving additional information in the form of notes which are referenced to the parts in question by angled lines called leaders.
Layout drawings of different types are used in different manufacturing fields for various purposes. One is the plant layout drawing, in which the outline of the building, work areas, aisles, and individual items of equipment are all drawn to scale. Another type of layout, or preliminary assembly, drawing is the design layout, which establishes the position and clearance of parts of an assembly.
A set of working drawings usually includes detail drawings of all parts and an assembly drawing of the complete unit. Assembly drawings vary somewhat in character according to their use, as design assemblies or layouts; working drawing assemblies; general assemblies; installation assemblies; and check assemblies.
Schematic or diagrammatic drawings make use of standard symbols which indicate the direction of flow. In piping and electrical schematic diagrams, symbols are used. The fixtures or components are not labeled in most schematics because the readers usually know what the symbols represent. See also Schematic drawing; Wiring diagram.
Structural drawings include design and working drawings for structures such as building, bridges, dams, tanks, and highways. Such drawings form the basis of legal contracts. Structural drawings embody the same principles as do other engineering drawings, but use terminology and dimensioning techiques different from thoses shown in previous illustrations. See also Nomograph.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/engineering-drawing#ixzz1KA2z6veb
Wednesday, April 20, 2011
The Making of a Technical Artist - Engineering Drawing
Manufacturing of any structure, product or part actually begins in the human mind. There is a way to project that image out from the intangible realms of the mind into the more mundane realms of matter. It combines art and science and is known as engineering drawing as we shall learn here.
The Combo – Engineering & Drawing
Most of us understand engineering as a sophisticated discipline where everything goes by strict rules defined by various theorems, laws, and corollaries. Drawing on the other hand is considered to be an artistic feature where there are hardly any limitations except ones placed by the mind of the artist. So how would you perceive something which consisted of these extremes of strictness and freedom? Well, that is what engineering drawing is all about and you will see in the subsequent sections
Is it an art or science?
Actually, engineering drawing refers to the art and science of representing engineering objects on paper. It is an art since drawing is involved, which is obviously an art, whilst it is science at the same time since rules and regulations have to be followed in making that drawings, much unlike a purely art work which has no such restrictions. This may seem to be a severe restriction to the more sensitive type of people but thankfully this is what keeps the engineering world going. Just imagine a bridge or a building built from a drawing which doesn’t follow any rules except imagination. The day would not be far when such a structure would remain in imagination only after being dissipated at the altar of history.
Machine Drawing
Since we are talking in context of Mechanical Engineering, the branch of engineering drawing which deals with machines is known as machine drawing or Mechanical Engineering Drawing. Similarly, we have Civil Engineering Drawing, Electrical Engineering Drawing and so on, the names of whom are self-explanatory. Of course don’t expect to learn machine drawing in this article because it may not be as difficult as imitating Picasso, it is not that simple either. Yet I will surely tell you about some basic facts of machine drawing here.
Some Basic Information
The basic information of machine drawing is really quite basic, that is to say that the instruments used in the same are not much different from what you would use when drawing a hut near a lake (that is the favourite scene of most of us). These instruments include a proper pencil, ruler, eraser, drawing paper etc. So you see that the first hurdle in the way of learning machine drawing is already over. But wait for there are some special instruments as well which may not be used in normal sketches and they are as follows
* Drawing Board: this is made of seasoned soft wood such as pine, fir or oak from several strips held together by battens and they come in different standard sizes.
* T-Square: this is in the form of a T and is made up of hard quality wood like teak or mahogany.
Of course this is not all and there are several interesting aspects of the basics of engineering drawing which we will learn in the next article lest you get lost in complexity unfit for a beginner. So just arouse your artistic self in the meantime whilst I hone your technical skills required for engineering drawing.
The Combo – Engineering & Drawing
Most of us understand engineering as a sophisticated discipline where everything goes by strict rules defined by various theorems, laws, and corollaries. Drawing on the other hand is considered to be an artistic feature where there are hardly any limitations except ones placed by the mind of the artist. So how would you perceive something which consisted of these extremes of strictness and freedom? Well, that is what engineering drawing is all about and you will see in the subsequent sections
Is it an art or science?
Actually, engineering drawing refers to the art and science of representing engineering objects on paper. It is an art since drawing is involved, which is obviously an art, whilst it is science at the same time since rules and regulations have to be followed in making that drawings, much unlike a purely art work which has no such restrictions. This may seem to be a severe restriction to the more sensitive type of people but thankfully this is what keeps the engineering world going. Just imagine a bridge or a building built from a drawing which doesn’t follow any rules except imagination. The day would not be far when such a structure would remain in imagination only after being dissipated at the altar of history.
Machine Drawing
Since we are talking in context of Mechanical Engineering, the branch of engineering drawing which deals with machines is known as machine drawing or Mechanical Engineering Drawing. Similarly, we have Civil Engineering Drawing, Electrical Engineering Drawing and so on, the names of whom are self-explanatory. Of course don’t expect to learn machine drawing in this article because it may not be as difficult as imitating Picasso, it is not that simple either. Yet I will surely tell you about some basic facts of machine drawing here.
Some Basic Information
The basic information of machine drawing is really quite basic, that is to say that the instruments used in the same are not much different from what you would use when drawing a hut near a lake (that is the favourite scene of most of us). These instruments include a proper pencil, ruler, eraser, drawing paper etc. So you see that the first hurdle in the way of learning machine drawing is already over. But wait for there are some special instruments as well which may not be used in normal sketches and they are as follows
* Drawing Board: this is made of seasoned soft wood such as pine, fir or oak from several strips held together by battens and they come in different standard sizes.
* T-Square: this is in the form of a T and is made up of hard quality wood like teak or mahogany.
Of course this is not all and there are several interesting aspects of the basics of engineering drawing which we will learn in the next article lest you get lost in complexity unfit for a beginner. So just arouse your artistic self in the meantime whilst I hone your technical skills required for engineering drawing.
Tuesday, April 19, 2011
Drafting As An Art Of Technical Drawing
Drafting is also known as technical drawing, it is the method of creating drawing for architectures and engineering. A person who is skilled in this field is more popularly known as a draftsman.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
The fundamentals of drafting are easy. To be able to draft something, a draftsman places a piece of paper (or other drawing material) on any surface that has straight sides and right angle corners (drafting table).
Another tool needed for drafting is a t-square. A t-square is a ruler-like tool that slides on a straight edge, making it easier for a draftsman to move his/her tool on the drafting table.
The t-square enables its users to draw parallel lines by moving this tool and running your pencils edge along its straight edge line.
T-squares can also be used to hold other drafting devices like a set of squares or triangles. This way, the right angle of the t-square plus the angle of the triangle can create a perfect straight and angled line onto your paper.
Modern day drafting tables now come equipped with parallel ruler supported by both sides of the table. This ruler can also slide through your drafting table, assuring you that parallel lines that you draw are going to turn out parallel.
Other drafting tools are used to create circles and curves. A primary tool used in drafting is the compass. This instrument is used to create simple circles in your drawing.
A French curve on the other hand, is a plastic curved ruler that helps create simple and complex curves for your project. For more intricate curves, a spline is a drafting tool that is made of an articulated metal covered in rubber to enable users to bend this tool in different curves.
The simplest drafting system needs to pay full attention to the placement of tools and the accuracy of the table. The most common mistake in drafting is to let the triangle push the top of the t-square slightly down. When this happens, it will throw off all the proper angles in your drawing.
Another common problem in the area of drafting is the difficulty in drawing two angled lines and making them meet at a point. Because this was such a tedious task, the introduction of the "drafting machine" came into the light of possibility.
This machine makes it possible for the draftsman to have a precise angle wherever part of the paper he wishes to draw at. He does this with the help of the pantograph.
A pantograph is a special mechanical tool connected to the drafting table that when used to draw, it moves in a fixed relation to every other element of itself. Also, one major advantage of the drafting machine enables the ability to modify angles, thus eliminating the use of triangles.
Drafting must seem easy to most people, but to be able to draft something, it requires a certain knowledge in engineering.
For a time, drafting was a sought after profession in the United States, considering that the draftsman was a very skilled at his craft. But because of the creation of the drafting machine, drafting has become fully automated and largely accelerated using computer aided design or CAD.
An innovation of CAD is the less recognized CADD or computer aided design and drafting. Although this may be the case, skilled draftsmen may still be of use to some who need routine changes to their drawings.
Drafting is an art common to architects, engineers, or machinist. Some of the uses of drafting are for birds eye view, elevations, plan view, isometric projections, cross sections and the like.
Monday, April 18, 2011
Perspective
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. The parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, will follow lines that eventually converge at infinity. Typically this point of convergence will be along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures will all typically converge at a vanishing point.
Two-point perspective drawing.
When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a "two-point perspective". Converging the vertical lines to a point in the sky then produces a "three-point perspective".
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart will appear slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the amount of contrast of more distant objects, and also by making the colors more pale. This will reproduce the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
Two-point perspective drawing.
When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a "two-point perspective". Converging the vertical lines to a point in the sky then produces a "three-point perspective".
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart will appear slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the amount of contrast of more distant objects, and also by making the colors more pale. This will reproduce the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
Sunday, April 17, 2011
Info On Mechanical Drawing And Technical Drawing
Date Published: 08th April 2009
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This article provide free information about mechanical drawing and technical drawing. Also it gives information on engineering drawing and design, cad drawings, 2d drawing, etc. We assure you that you are satisfy with the information provide from us.
Mechanical Drawing is known as scale drawing of a machine or architectural plan or the craft of drawing blueprints i.e. drafting. The variety of lines used in preparing a mechanical drawing is large, and each of them has its particular meaning. Boundary lines outline the shape of an object and its parts. Section lines are used to show intersections and the outlines of shapes within the boundary lines. The central axes of an object are represented by the center lines. Break lines are used to indicate that the entire object is not seen in the drawing. These, together with hidden lines and dimension lines, are used most frequently.
Correct design information and projection are the imperatives of a set of engineering drawings. The skill and dexterity shown by some persons in drawing more accurately, more quickly, or more neatly have recognized value in the preparation of such drawings. Equipment has been invented to facilitate the performance of the manual tasks. Most widely known are the T square, triangle and protractor. Bridge building begins long before ground is broken for the supports. The making of a bolt also starts well before the machinist sets an automatic machine to cut the thread into a piece of metal. Actually, for both projects, much planning and work have been completed before effort to undertake construction begins. In building a bridge, months of preliminary work are required before construction workers and tools meet on the job. Students wishing to become skilled drafters must practice certain standard exercises. There are many kinds of exercises that can be performed to increase speed and develop accuracy.
Mechanical drawings are widely used to create artwork for automotive design, architectural plans, engineering drawings, or electrical circuit diagrams. The introduction of the computer and accompanying drawing applications, such as Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw (not to mention cad programs), have rendered skill with pen and pencil almost absolute.
Technical drawing is the discipline of creating standardized technical drawing by architects, CAD drafters, design engineers, and related professionals. Technical drawing includes the various fields and technologies foundation electronics, which has in turn revolutionized the art with new tools in the form of Computer Aided Design (CAD).
A technical drawing or engineering drawing is a type of drawing and form of graphic communication, used in the transforming of an idea into physical form. Technical drawings contain geometric figures and symbols to convey the scope and details of the project. Many professions, such as plumbing, use their own suite of unique symbols. Right angles, parallel lines, curves and symbols constitute the technical drawing. To those on the team, each line or symbol conveys a specific about the project.
Drafters are men and women trained in the art of technical drawing. Another term for a person skilled in creating technical drawings is a draftsman, although modern practitioners prefer the term drafter. It is imperative that technical drawings be accurate. If the drawing is off by even centimeters, the actual work may be off quite a bit too. This leads to terrible consequences and costly delays in construction. This type of drawing is used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance, size, etc.
The process of creating a technical drawing is called drafting or technical drawing. A technical drawing differs from a common drawing by how it is interpreted. A common drawing can hold many purposes and meanings, while a technical drawing is intended to quickly and clearly communicate all needed specifications of a created object or objects
Republish this article
Author: Risi
RSS
Views: 465
ASK ABOUT THIS ARTICLE
This article provide free information about mechanical drawing and technical drawing. Also it gives information on engineering drawing and design, cad drawings, 2d drawing, etc. We assure you that you are satisfy with the information provide from us.
Mechanical Drawing is known as scale drawing of a machine or architectural plan or the craft of drawing blueprints i.e. drafting. The variety of lines used in preparing a mechanical drawing is large, and each of them has its particular meaning. Boundary lines outline the shape of an object and its parts. Section lines are used to show intersections and the outlines of shapes within the boundary lines. The central axes of an object are represented by the center lines. Break lines are used to indicate that the entire object is not seen in the drawing. These, together with hidden lines and dimension lines, are used most frequently.
Correct design information and projection are the imperatives of a set of engineering drawings. The skill and dexterity shown by some persons in drawing more accurately, more quickly, or more neatly have recognized value in the preparation of such drawings. Equipment has been invented to facilitate the performance of the manual tasks. Most widely known are the T square, triangle and protractor. Bridge building begins long before ground is broken for the supports. The making of a bolt also starts well before the machinist sets an automatic machine to cut the thread into a piece of metal. Actually, for both projects, much planning and work have been completed before effort to undertake construction begins. In building a bridge, months of preliminary work are required before construction workers and tools meet on the job. Students wishing to become skilled drafters must practice certain standard exercises. There are many kinds of exercises that can be performed to increase speed and develop accuracy.
Mechanical drawings are widely used to create artwork for automotive design, architectural plans, engineering drawings, or electrical circuit diagrams. The introduction of the computer and accompanying drawing applications, such as Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw (not to mention cad programs), have rendered skill with pen and pencil almost absolute.
Technical drawing is the discipline of creating standardized technical drawing by architects, CAD drafters, design engineers, and related professionals. Technical drawing includes the various fields and technologies foundation electronics, which has in turn revolutionized the art with new tools in the form of Computer Aided Design (CAD).
A technical drawing or engineering drawing is a type of drawing and form of graphic communication, used in the transforming of an idea into physical form. Technical drawings contain geometric figures and symbols to convey the scope and details of the project. Many professions, such as plumbing, use their own suite of unique symbols. Right angles, parallel lines, curves and symbols constitute the technical drawing. To those on the team, each line or symbol conveys a specific about the project.
Drafters are men and women trained in the art of technical drawing. Another term for a person skilled in creating technical drawings is a draftsman, although modern practitioners prefer the term drafter. It is imperative that technical drawings be accurate. If the drawing is off by even centimeters, the actual work may be off quite a bit too. This leads to terrible consequences and costly delays in construction. This type of drawing is used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance, size, etc.
The process of creating a technical drawing is called drafting or technical drawing. A technical drawing differs from a common drawing by how it is interpreted. A common drawing can hold many purposes and meanings, while a technical drawing is intended to quickly and clearly communicate all needed specifications of a created object or objects
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